AN APPLICATION OF GRID

COMPUTING
 OUTLINES
Introduction
Approaches to sensor-grid computing.
Implementation of distributed sensor-grid
computing.
Research Issues
Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
Sensor-Grid is the integration of two parallel
technologies; the Grid technology and the
wireless sensor technology.
Like giving eyes and ears to computational
grid.
Real-time information about phenomena in
the physical world can be processed,
modeled, correlated and mined to permit on-
the-fly decisions and actions to be taken on a
large scale.
Grid Computing
Grid computing is distributed computing
taken to the next evolutionary level.
The goal is to create the illusion of a simple
yet large and powerful self managing virtual
computer out of a large collection of
connected heterogeneous systems sharing
various combinations of resources.
Definition of Grid
Computing
“The ability, using a set of open standards
and protocols, to gain access to applications
and data, processing power, storage capacity
and a vast array of other computing resources
over the Internet. A grid is a type of parallel
and distributed system that enables the
sharing, selection, and aggregation of
resources distributed across 'multiple'
administrative domains based on their
(resources) availability, capacity,
performance, cost and users' quality-of-
service requirements”- IBM
Definition of Grid
Computing
“The technology that enables resource
virtualization, on-demand provisioning, and
service (resource) sharing between
organizations.” - Plaszczak/Wellner
"a service for sharing computer power and
data storage capacity over the Internet.“ –
CERN
 This infrastructure is commonly known as the Grid

Mobile Access G
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Desktop D
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Visualizing

Internet

Supporting resource use across administrative domains

 Definition of Sensors
A sensor is a device that produces a
measurable response to a change in a
physical condition, such as temperature or
thermal conductivity or to change in a
chemical concentration.
A device such as photoelectric cell, that
receives and responds to a signal or
stimulus(such as heat or pressure or light or
motion etc.).
A device, usually electronic, which detects a
variable quantity and measures and converts
the measurement into a signal to be recorded
What actually are
sensors?
Sensor change one form of energy into
another.
Sensors detect energy transfer.
Any of various devices designed to detect,
measure, or record physical phenomena, as
radiation, heat, or Blood Pressure, as by
transmitting information, initiating changes, or
operating controls.
Wireless Sensors
Features of good Sensor
Must be sensitive to the measured property.
Insensitive to any other property.
Should not influenced the measured property.

These are some factors which could really

cause the crash of whole Sensor Grid network,
if badly perform.
Bringing Sensor and Grid
together
Both of them will benefit
Grids
 “Resourcesharing & coordinated problem solving in
dynamic, multi-institutional virtual organizations”
 Get Eye to see the world (so that it can sense and
assist)
Sensors
 Off load their processing, storage, archival, analysis,
etc. requirements to the Grid.
Sensors + Grids = Sensor-Grid
 Grid Resource Broker
SensorWeb Service

R2 database
R3 R4

R5 RN

R6
R1

Grid Information Service

The customer can have access

to the Grid Resource Broker,
and then through Web Service,
requests can be sent to obtain
real sensor network data.
Sensor Network
 Sensor-Grid - Integrated sensor network and grid
architecture
sensor and actuator networks

query
response grid

command
actions

actuate
Sensors + Grids =
Sensor-Grids
A Sensor Grid integrates wireless sensor
networks with grid infrastructures to enable
real-time sensor data collection and the
sharing of computational and storage
resources for sensor data processing and
management.
It is an enabling technology for building large-
scale infrastructures, integrating
heterogeneous sensor, data and
computational resources deployed over a
wide area, to undertake complicated
surveillance tasks such as environmental
The Sensor Grid enables the collection,
processing, sharing, and visualization, archival
and searching of large amounts of sensor
data.
Foundations for Sensor Grid :
The vast amount of data collected by the
sensors can be processed, analyzed, and
stored using the computational and data
storage resources of the grid.
The sensors can be efficiently shared by
different users and applications under flexible
usage scenarios.
As sensor devices with embedded processors
become more computationally powerful, it is
more efficient to offload specialized tasks
A sensor grid provides seamless access to a
wide variety of resources in a pervasive
manner.
Advanced techniques in artificial intelligence,
data fusion, data mining, and distributed
database processing can be applied to make
sense of the sensor data and generate new
knowledge of the environment.
The results can in turn be used to optimize
the operation of the sensors, or influence the
operation of actuators to change the
environment.
Thus, sensor grids are well suited for adaptive
and pervasive computing applications.
What Sensor Grid does ?
Monitoring
Tracking
Controlling
 Applications of Sensor
Grid
Habitat monitoring
Weather monitoring and forecasting
Military and homeland security surveillance
Object tracking
Area monitoring
Detect enemy intrusion
Smart home and offices
Sensor grid for social science
Sensor grid for eScience
Many other uses that we do not imagine so far
G
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Traditional Devices, Sensors,
and their Networks at Glance
 Traditional Devices (Computers and High End Resources)
are:
 Powerful
 Connected to Power Grid – so we don’t worry too much about it
power consumption
 Large Storage Space
 Good for archival and large-scale analysis
 Connected by High Bandwidth/Speed Network
 Sensors:
 Less powerful
 Scarcity of power (battery operated, or even self-power
generated)
 Less Storage
 No good for archival
 Connected by Low Bandwidth/Speed Network
 But they can sense/smell a phenomena in the physical world.
 OUTLINES
Introduction
Approaches to sensor-grid computing.
Implementation of distributed sensor-grid
computing.
Research Issues
Conclusion
Approaches to Sensor-Grid
computing
centralized sensor-grid computing.
 simply connect and interface sensors and sensor
networks to the grid and let all computations take
place there. The grid will then issue commands to
the appropriate actuators.
 All that is needed are high-speed communication
links between the sensor-actuator nodes and the
grid.
DRAWBACKS
 It leads to excessive communications in the sensor
network which rapidly depletes the batteries.
 It also does not take advantage of the in-network
processing capability of sensor networks which permits
Approaches to Sensor-Grid
computing
decentralized or distributed sensor-grid
computing
 It involves processing and decision-making within
the sensor network and at other levels of the
sensor-grid architecture.
 OUTLINES
Introduction
Approaches to sensor-grid computing.
Implementation of distributed sensor-grid
computing.
Research Issues
Conclusion
 Implementation of
distributed Sensor-Grid
Computing
Two applications of distributed Sensor-Grid
Computing are as below:
Distributed autonomous decision-making.
There are many cases in which some response
is needed from the sensor-grid system, but the
best action to take in different situations or
states is not known in advance.
determined through an adaptive learning
process.
Markov Decision Process (MDP) or
reinforcement learning (RL) approach.
 Distributed information
fusion
Since the nodes in a sensor network are
independently sensing the environment, this
gives rise to a high degree of redundant
information. However, due to the severely
resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes,
some of these readings may be inaccurate.
Information fusion algorithms compute the
most probable sensor readings and have been
studied extensively over the years in the
context of target detection and tracking.
Distributed information
fusion
 Two further levels in the
form of Stargate and iPAQ
cluster heads were added
between the sensor nodes
and grid client levels.
 The addition of these two
levels enable more
complex processing to be
done close to the source of
the sensor data and
reduces the communication
distances between the
different levels, thus Hierarchical design fusion systems
conserving power and on Sensor-Grid architecture
improving the timeliness of
 OUTLINES
Introduction
Approaches to sensor-grid computing.
Implementation of distributed sensor-grid
computing.
Research Issues
Conclusion
 Research issues
Sensor Network Grid computing
Energy management Fair and efficient
Coverage resources allocation to
Localization achieve QoS and high
resource utilization.
Medium access control
Workflow management.
Routing and transport
The development of grid
Security
and web services for
Distributed algo for ease of discovery and
tracking access of services on the
Information fusion grid.
Inference and  security.
optimization
 Research issues with Sensor-
Grid Technology
Web Services based Sensor network and
Distributed processing.
Interconnection and Networking.
Coordinated QoS in Large Distributed system.
Robust and scalable distributed algorithms.
Efficient querying and data Consistency.
 Web Services based Sensor
network and Distributed
processing
The grid is rapidly advancing towards a utility
computing paradigm and is increasingly based
on web services standards. The Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach has
become a cornerstone in many recent grid
efforts. It makes good sense to have a SOA-
approach as it enables the discovery, access
and communication resources in the grid by
many different users.
 Sensor Markup Language
(SensorML)
The Open Geospatial Consortium’s Sensor
Model Language (SensorML) standard
provides the XML schema for defining the
geometric, dynamic and observational
characteristics of sensors.
The purpose of SensorML is to:
Provide general sensor information in support
of data discovery.
Support the processing and analysis of the
sensor measurements.
Support the geolocation of the measured data.
 Provide performance characteristics (e.g.
accuracy, threshold, etc.) and
Archive fundamental properties and
assumptions regarding sensor.
SensorML provides a functional model for
sensor, not necessarily a detailed description
of hardware. It supports rigorous geolocation
models, which can describe sensor
parameters independent of platform and
target, as well as mathematical models which
can directly map between sensor and target
space. SensorML can be applied to virtually
any sensor, whether in-situ or remote sensors,
and whether it is mounted on a stationary or
dynamic platform.
 Interconnection and
networking
The communications and networking
situations in sensor networks and grid
computing are worlds apart. In sensor
networks, the emphasis is on low power
wireless communications which unfortunately
has limited bandwidth and time-varying
channel characteristics, while in grid
computing, high-speed optical network
interconnects are the norm. Thus,
communications protocols for sensor-grids will
have to be designed take into account this
wide disparity.
Coordinated QoS in Large
distributed system
The timeliness and correctness of computations
have been studied extensively in the real-time
systems community, while performance
guarantees in terms of delay, loss, jitter and
throughput in communication networks and have
also been studied extensively by the networking
research community. We shall refer to those as
application-level and network-level QoS,
respectively.
A number of QoS control mechanisms such as
scheduling, admission control, buffer
management and traffic regulation or shaping
have been developed to achieve application-level
attribute such as delay or loss, or operate at a
particular router or server in the system. In order
to bring about the desired system-level outcome
such as meeting and end-to-end communicational
and communication delay requirement, these QoS
mechanisms need to be coordinated instead of
operating independently.
 Robust and scalable
distributed algorithms
It is more difficult to guarantee the optimality,
correctness and convergence properties of
distributed algorithms compared to their
centralized versions are usually more
appealing from an implementation point of
view.
Apart from distributed information fusion and
decision-making, distributed hierarchical
target-tracking, distributed control and
distributed optimization are other current
research efforts on distributed algorithms
which are relevant to sensor-grid computing.
 Efficient querying and
data consistency
Another key area in sensor-grid computing is
efficient querying of real-time information in
sensor networks from grid applications and
querying of grid databases by sensor network
programs. It is expected that databases will
be distributed and replicated at a number of
places in the sensor-grid architecture to
facilitate efficient storage and retrieval. Hence
the usual challenges of ensuring data
consistency in distributed caches and
databases would be present, with the added
complexity of having to deal with a large
 OUTLINES
Introduction
Approaches to sensor-grid computing.
Implementation of distributed sensor-grid
computing.
Research Issues
Conclusion
 Summary
Sensors and Grids two major elements of
emerging Cyber infrastructure that support e-
Applications (e-Science, e-Business, e-Health,
e-Life).
They support creation of smart office, house,
and business environments.
Current developments in Sensors and Grids is
heavily driven by applications and both
compliment and need each other.
Sensor-Grid is just emerging and there are
many opportunities available for creating
many interesting applications in various
domains.
 Conclusion
Here, I have provided an overview of the
potential and challenges in sensor-grid
computing. The success of the sensor-grid
computing approach will depend on the ability
of the sensor network and grid computing
research communities to work together to
ensure compatibility in the techniques and
algorithms that will be developed in the
future, as well as the ability of sensor-grid
computing technology to provide real value to
users and applications in the various
industries and application scenarios.
Any Query?

VIVEK KUMAR SHARMA

MCA V SEM.
Roll No.- 0605414109
[email protected]
 Main Reference
Dr. Rajkumar buyya
Dir. GRIDS Labs,
University of Melbourne.
Dr. Chen-Khong Tham
National University of Singapore.

Papers published under :

Computer Society of India (CSI).