Name : Jatin Majhi Roll No : 34701322007 Subject Name : PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Collage Name : JLD Engineering and Management Collage Subject Code : CE(PE)702A
Assignment : CA-1

ANALYSIS OF
PRESTRESS AND
1
BENDING
STRESSES
 BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Concrete is a homogeneous elastic material.
2. Within range of working stresses, both concrete and steel
behave elastically. (Does not withstand the small amount of
creep which occurs in both the materials under sustained
loading)
3. A plane section before bending remains plane even after
bending, which
implies a linear strain distribution across the depth of the
member.
 As long as tensile stresses do not exceed the limit of modulus of
rupture of concrete (corresponding to the stage of visible
cracking of concrete), any change in the loading of the member
results in a change of stress in concrete only, the sole function of
the prestressing tendon being to impart and maintain prestress in
concrete.
3 ANALYSIS OF
 PRESTRESS
The stresses due to prestressing lone are generally combined stresses
due to the action of direct load and bending resulting from and
eccentrically applied load.
 The stresses are evaluated by using the well known relationship for
combined
stresses used in the case of columns.
Following notations and sign conventions are used for the analysis
of prestress: P = Prestressing force (positive when producing direct
compression)
e = Eccentricity of prestressing force (M = P.e = Moment)
A = Cross sectional area of the concrete member
I = Second moment of area of section about its centroid
Zt and Zb = Section modulus of the top and bottom fibres
fsup and finf = Prestress in concrete developed at the top and bottom
fibres (positive when compressive and negative when tensile
 ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESS
🠶 Stresses due to pre-stressing alone are generally combined
stresses due to action of direct load and bending resulting
from an eccentrically applied load.
🠶 Stresses are evaluated by using relationship for combined
stresses in columns.
 Concentric Tendon

P P +

Cross Concentric Stress =

Section Prestressing P/A
🠶 Which is compressive across the depth of the beam.
🠶 Generally applied loads and dead loads induce tensile stresses
towards soffit of the beam and are counterbalanced more
effectively by eccentric tendons. 4
 Eccentric
Tendon

e e
P P
Cross Section Eccentric
Prestressing
P/A Pe/ P/A -
Zt Pe/Zt
-
+ +
+
P/A Pe/Zb P/A + Pe/Zb
Direct Bending Resultant
Stress Stress Stress
PRESTRES
S
 P  P e  e yb   P  P e 
f inf P   & f P  e yt 
 Zb    1 sup   Z   1
A A  i 2   A t  A  i2 
 gL2
RESULTANT STRESSES AT A (g+q Mg
8
SECTION )

qL2
Mq
8


e e
P P
Cross L
P/A Section P/A - Pe/Zt + Mg/Zt +
Pe/ Mg/ Mq/
Zt Zt Zt Mq/Zt
-
+ + +
+
+ - -
P/A Pe/Zb Mg / Mq / P/A + Pe/Zb - Mg/Zb -
PRESTRES Zb DL Zb LL Mq/Zb Resultant
S Stress Stress Stress
Mg Mg Mq
f inf  P  P e 
 Z 
Zb
 Mq
Zb & fsup
 P  P e 
 Zt   Zt

Zt
A b  A
 Stresses at the centre of span
Sr No. Type of stress At top fibre (N/mm2) At bottom fibre (N/mm2)
1. P/A = +2.15 P/A = +2.15
Prestress
Pe/Zt = -4.0 Pe/Zb = +6.25
2. Self weight stress Mg/Zt = +1.85 Mg/Zb = -2.9
3. Live load stress Mq/Zt = +3.3 Mq/Zb = -5.15

Resultant Stresses (N/mm2)

(1+2) 0 +5.5
(1+2+3) +3.3 +0.35
 PRESSURE LINE or THRUST LINE
🠶 At any given section of a prestressed concrete beam, the
combined effect of the prestressing force and the externally
applied load will result in a distribution of concrete stresses
that can be resolved into a single force.

🠶 The locus of points of the points of application of this resultant

force in any structure is termed as the ‘PRESSURE LINE or
THRUST LINE’.

🠶 The concept is very useful in understanding the load-carrying

mechanism of a prestressed concrete section.

🠶 For prestressed concrete members, the location of pressure

line depends upon the magnitude and direction of moments
applied at the c/s and the magnitude, distribution of stress
🠶 Consider a concrete beam as shown in figure below, which is
prestresed by
force Pbeam
🠶 The acting at an eccentricity
supports a e.
uniformly distributed load
(including self-weight) of intensity q per unit length.

🠶 The load is of such magnitude that the bottom fiber stress at the
central span section of the beam is zero.
🠶 Figure below shows the resultant stress distribution at
support, c enter and quarter span section of the beam.
At support, x = 0

P M
- y=0 A I
(P e) 6  d  P
=
b d2  2  A
d
=> e =
6
🠶 External moment at the quarter span section being smaller in
magnitude, the shift in the pressure line is also correspondingly
smaller, being equal to h/4 from the initial position.
🠶 Similarly, it can be shown that a larger UDL on the beam would result
in the pressure line being shifted even higher at the center and
quarter span sections.

🠶 Above observations lead to the following principle:

“A CHANGE IN THE EXTERNAL MOMENTS IN THE ELASTIC RANGE OF A
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM RESULTS IN SHIFT OF PRESSURE LINE
RATHER THAN IN AN INCREASE IN THE RESULTANT FORCE IN THE BEAM”.
🠶 This is in contrast to RC beam, where an increase in the external
moment result
in a corresponding increase in the tensile force and compressive
force.
🠶 The increase in the resultant forces are due to a more or less
constant
🠶 For lever concrete
prestressed arm between the forces, characterized by the
propertiesload
sections of the composite section.
carrying
mechanism is comprised
of a constant force with
a changing lever arm.
🠶 For RC constant lever
arm with changing
forces.
🠶 Behaviour of
prestress Cracked
ed member =
member RC

“Pressure line concept can also be used to evaluate the

stresses”
 METHOD  INTERNAL RESISTING COUPLE METHOD OR C-LINE METHOD
 The prestressed beam is analysed as a plain concrete elastic beam using
principles of statics.
 The prestressing force is considered as an external compressive force with a
constant tensile force T in the tendon throughout the span.
 So, at any section of loaded prestressed beam, equilibrium is maintained by
satisfying the equations, H=0 and M=0.

 Figure shows the FBD of segment of a beam without and with transverse loads
respectively.
 When gravity loads are zero, the C and T lines coincide as there is no moment in
the section.
from the T-
1
LOAD
BALANCING
 Load
Balancing
🠶 It is possible to select suitable cable profiles in a
prestressed concrete
member such that the transverse component of the cable force
balances the given type of external loads.
🠶 Various types of reactions of a cable upon a concrete member
depend upon the shape of the cable profile.
🠶 Straight profile of the cable do not induce any reactions except at
ends, while
curved cables result in UDL.
🠶 Sharp angles in a cable induce
concentrated loads.
🠶 The concept of load balancing
is useful in selecting the
tendon profile.
🠶 This requirement will be
satisfied if the cable profile in
a Prestressed member
corresponds to the shape of
the BMD resulting from the
Tendon Profiles and Equivalent Loads in Prestressed
Concrete Beams

2
Tendon Profiles and Equivalent Loads in Prestressed
Concrete Beams

3
STRESSES IN
TENDONS
 Effect of Loading on
Tensile Stresses in
🠶 A pre-stressed member undergoes deformation due to the action of the
Tendons
prestressing force and transverse loads acting on the member.
🠶 Curvature of the cable changes, which results in a slight variation of stresses in
the tendons.

🠶 Consider a concrete beam of span L as shown in figure. The beam is prestressed

by a cable carrying an effective force P at an eccentricity e, the rotation θp at
the supports due to hogging of the beam is obtained by applying Mohr’s
theorem as,
θ p =  Flexural BMD  2EI
Area ofRigidity

 
PeL
Where, EI = Flexural rigidity of the
🠶 If the beam supports a total UDL of Wd per unit length, the rotation θ1
at the supports due to sagging of the beam is evaluated from
𝟏
𝑿 𝑿 𝑳 𝑾
above fig. 𝟐
𝑳 𝟑
𝟐
𝟐 𝟑
= 𝑳
𝒅

𝑿 𝑾𝒅𝑬𝑰
θ1
= 𝟐𝟒𝑬𝑰
𝟖
🠶 If the rotation due to loads is greater than that due to the
prestressing force, the net rotation θ is given by, θ = (θ1 – θp )
Considering above figure,
🠶 Total elongation of the cable = 2eθ
🠶 Strain in the cable = (2eθ/L)
🠶 Increase in the stress due to loading = (Es 2eθ/L)
Generally in the elastic range, any increase of loading on a pre-
stressed member
does not result in any significant change in the steel stress.
 Variation of Steel Stress in
Bonded and Unbonded
Members
🠶 The rate of increase of stress in the tendons of prestressed
concrete member under loads depends upon the degree of
bond between the high tensile steel wires and the surrounding
🠶 For bonded members such as pretensioned elements or post-
concrete.
tensioned grouted members, the composite action between
steel and concrete prevails and the stresses in steel are
computed using the theory of composite sections up to the
stage of cracking.

🠶 For unbonded beams, the tendons are free to

elongate independently
throughout their length under the action of transverse loads on the
beam.
 Bonded
Beams
🠶 If M = Moment at the section due to
loads Es = Modulus of elasticity of
steel
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete

e = modular ratio
y = position of steel from the
centroidal axis
f = Stress in concrete at level y from the centroidal
axis I = Second moment of area of the
concrete section
Stress in steel = Modular ratio x Stress in concrete
= e f
 Unbonded
Beams
🠶 If M = Bending Moment at the cross-
section Es = Modulus of elasticity
of steel
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete

e = modular ratio
y = position of steel from the centroidal
axis
f = Stress in concrete at level y from the centroidal
axis I = Second moment of area of the
𝒅
𝑴
🠶 Total elongation of fiber of concrete at the level of steel = δL = ∫� 𝒚
𝑳

� Ec 𝒙
concrete section
𝛿𝑳
δL = Total elongation of the cable at a distance y
𝑳
𝒚 = 𝑬axis𝑰𝑳 𝑰
𝑳 𝑴𝒅𝒙
🠶 Average
from the centroidal
Strain =
𝟎 ∫�
�

🠶 Strain in concrete at the level of steel = (M y/Ec I)

 𝑳
𝒚
∫𝟎
𝑬
𝑴𝒅𝒙
🠶 Stress in steel
𝑬𝒔
� 𝑰𝑳 𝑳
= 𝒚 ∫�
𝛼𝒆
�
=
𝑰
𝑴𝒅𝒙
𝑳 �
If A= area of the BMD under a system

A = ∫𝟎
of loads,
𝑳

𝛼 𝒚
𝑴𝒅𝒙
𝒆
𝑨𝑰
 stress in
steel = 𝑳
 If the beam supports only a UDL of wd per unit
𝑳
�
∫𝟎
length, 𝑳 𝑳𝟐

𝑴𝒅𝒙 = � 𝒘𝒅
Then A =
𝟖
�

𝑳 �
𝟑

� 𝟏𝟐
= �

𝒘
Increase of stress in   ey W d L2 
steel =  12 I 
 Variation of stresses in steel in Bonded and
🠶 TheUnbonded beamsof stress is larger in the case of bonded
rate of increase
beams than in
unbonded beams both in the pre-cracking and post-cracking stages.
🠶 After the crack, the stress in steel increases at a faster rate in both
types of beams.
🠶 Since the steel does not reach its ultimate strength in the case of
unbonded beams, the ultimate load supported by the beam is
smaller than that of a bonded beam in which the steel attains its
ultimate strength at the failure stage of the member.
🠶 In the post-cracking stage, while the bonded beams are characterised
by small cracks, which are well distributed in the zone of larger
moments, unbonded beams develop only a few cracks, which are
localized at weaker sections and the crack widths are
correspondingly larger in comparison with the bonded beams.
🠶 In general, bonded beams are preferable due to their higher
flexural strength
 Cracking
🠶 Moment
Bending Moment at which visible cracks develop
concrete members is referred as Cracking Moment.
in Pre-stressed

🠶 After the transfer of pre-stress to concrete, the soffit of the beam will be
under compression.
🠶 Gradually, these comp stresses are balanced by the tensile stresses
developed due to the transverse loads on the beam, so that the
resultant stresses at the bottom fibre is zero.
🠶 A further increase in loading results in development of tensile stress at
the soffit of the beam.
🠶 As concrete is weak in tension, micro cracks develop as soon as the
tensile stain in concrete exceeds 80 – 100E-6 units and if the loads
are further increased, visible cracks appear in tension zone.
🠶 At this stage, it is estimated that the crack widths are of order of 0.01 –
0.02 mm.
🠶 Tensile stress developed when cracks become visible at the soffit of
beams depend upon the type and distribution of steel reinforcement
and the quality of concrete in the beam.
🠶 It is generally considered that visible cracks appear when the tensile
stresses at
the soffit are approximately equal to the modulus of rupture of the
material.
🠶 The widths of the cracks are highly influenced by the degree of
bond developed between concrete and steel.
Name : Jatin Majhi Roll No : 34701322007 Subject Name : PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Collage Name : JLD Engineering and Management Collage Subject Code : CE(PE)702A
Assignment : CA-1

THANK YOU.