Unit I-ii

Cloud Infrastructure- Historical Perspective of Data Centers- Datacenter

Components- PUE and Challenges in Cloud Data Centers -Cloud
Management and Cloud Software Deployment Considerations- IaaS vs
PaaS vs SaaS- Cloud architecture types-deployment models
Management Software
• It helps to maintain and configure the infrastructure.
Deployment Software
• It helps to deploy and integrate the application on the cloud.
Hypervisor
• Hypervisor is a firmware or low-level program that acts as a Virtual Machine
Manager. It allows to share the single physical instance of cloud resources between
several tenants.
Network
• It is the key component of cloud infrastructure. It allows to connect cloud services
over the Internet. It is also possible to deliver network as a utility over the Internet,
which means, the customer can customize the network route and protocol.
Server
• The server helps to compute the resource sharing and offers other services such as
resource allocation and de-allocation, monitoring the resources, providing security
etc.
Storage
• Cloud keeps multiple replicas of storage. If one of the storage resources fails, then it
can be extracted from another one, which makes cloud computing more reliable.
Data Center
• A data center is a physical location that stores computing machines
and their related hardware equipment.
• It contains the computing infrastructure that IT systems require, such
as servers, data storage drives, and network equipment.
• It is the physical facility that stores any company's digital data.
• The backbone of cloud computing is dependent on data centers
• Data centers support almost all computation, data storage, and network
and business applications for the enterprise.
• To the extent that the business of a modern enterprise is run on
computers, the data center is the business.
Data centers are crucial for the following reasons:
• Information and storage processing
• Support for IT operations
• Support for cloud technology
• Proximity and connectivity.
• Data management and security
• Business agility and resiliency.
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 1

Introduction to Cloud Deployment

Models
Cloud deployment models determine how cloud services are
deployed and managed.
Understanding these models helps businesses choose the right
solution for their needs.
Cloud models can influence performance, security, and cost.
This presentation will cover the main types of deployment
models available.
• Let's explore these essential concepts together!
• Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage
devices to enable fast loading.
• It is often possible to choose a geographic area to put the data
"closer" to users.
• Thus, deployment models for cloud computing are categorized
based on their location.
 2

Public Cloud
Public cloud services are offered via the internet and shared across multiple users.
They are owned and operated by third-party cloud service providers.
Examples include giants like Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud.
Public clouds offer scalability, cost-effectiveness, and low maintenance.
• Ideal for startups and businesses with variable workloads.
Advantages of the Public Cloud Model
Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no substantial upfront
fee, making it excellent for enterprises that require immediate access to resources.
No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the cloud service
providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public cloud does not necessitate
infrastructure management.
No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service provider (not users).
Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand resources are
accessible.
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model
Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public so there is no guarantee
of high-level security.
Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be customized according to
personal requirements.
 3

Private Cloud
Private clouds are exclusive environments dedicated to a
single organization.
They can be hosted on-premises or by a third-party provider.
This model offers enhanced security and greater control over
data and resources.
Private clouds are preferred by large enterprises handling
sensitive data.
• They provide a tailored cloud experience to meet specific
business needs.
Advantages of the Private Cloud Model
•Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You gain
complete command over service integration, IT operations, policies, and
user behavior.
•Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate
information to which only authorized staff have access. By segmenting
resources within the same infrastructure, improved access and security
can be achieved.
•Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work with
legacy systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
•Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private cloud
allows a company to tailor its solution to meet its specific needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model
•Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as
there is less number of clients.
•Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide personalized
 4

Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid clouds combine public and private cloud environments, allowing data and applications
to be shared between them.
They provide flexibility and more deployment options.
Businesses can host sensitive data in the private cloud while leveraging public cloud
resources for less critical tasks.
This model helps in optimizing costs while ensuring security.
• Often seen as a balance between performance, cost, and security.
Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
•Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can
design personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
•Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be
responsible for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
•Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data
theft by attackers are considerably reduced.
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
•Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it is a
combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is complex.
•Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud
takes place through the public cloud so latency occurs.
 5

Community Cloud
Community clouds are shared infrastructure for a specific community of users from multiple
organizations.
They are designed to meet shared compliance, security, and performance requirements.
Examples include government and healthcare organizations collaborating in shared
environments.
Community clouds provide cost savings by pooling resources among organizations.
• They foster collaboration while maintaining necessary security standards.
Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
•Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared by
multiple organizations or communities.
•Security: Community cloud provides better security.
•Shared resources: It allows you to share resources, infrastructure,
etc. with multiple organizations.
•Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both collaboration
and data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
•Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable as
many organizations share the same resources according to their
collaborative interests.
•Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared among
different organizations according to their mutual interests if an
organization wants some changes according to their needs they cannot
do so because it will have an impact on other organizations.
Factors Influencing Model Choice
• Cost: Cost is an important factor for the cloud deployment model as it tells how much
amount you want to pay for these things.
• Scalability: Scalability tells about the current activity status and how much we can scale
it.
• Easy to use: It tells how much your resources are trained and how easily can you
manage these models.
• Compliance: Compliance tells about the laws and regulations which impact the
implementation of the model.
• Privacy: Privacy tells about what data you gather for the model.
 IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS

Most cloud computing services fall into five broad categories:

1.Software as a service (SaaS)

2.Platform as a service (PaaS)

3.Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

4.Anything/Everything as a service (XaaS)

5.Function as a Service (FaaS)

1. Software as a Service(SaaS)
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a way of delivering services and
applications over the Internet.
• Instead of installing and maintaining software, we simply access it
via the Internet, freeing ourselves from the complex software and
hardware management.
• It removes the need to install and run applications on our own
computers or in the data centers eliminating the expenses of
hardware as well as software maintenance.
• SaaS provides a complete software solution that you purchase on
a pay-as-you-go basis from a cloud service provider.
• Most SaaS applications can be run directly from a web browser
without any downloads or installations required.
• The SaaS applications are sometimes called Web-based
software, on-demand software, or hosted software
SaaS architecture
• In a SaaS system, each customer is regarded as a tenant and accesses the
platform by paying a subscription fee.
• SaaS architectures generally fall into the following two types.
Multi-tenant architecture
• a single instance of the SaaS application is running on the host servers and
that single instance serves each subscribing customer or cloud tenant.
• The application runs on a single version and configuration across all
customers, or tenants.
Single-tenant architecture
• In a single-tenant architecture, each customer has its own instance of the
software. This instance operates on a separate server, while sharing a single
infrastructure and database
Advantages:
•Accessibility: Access from anywhere with an internet connection.
•Cost Savings: Eliminates the need for local installations and maintenance.
•Automatic Updates: Regular updates and patches from the vendor.
•Scalability: Easily scale the number of users or features.
Drawbacks:
•Limited Customization: Less ability to tailor the software to specific needs.
•Data Security: Concerns about data stored off-site.
•Internet Dependency: Requires a reliable internet connection.
Examples:
•Microsoft 365
•Salesforce
•Google Workspace
2. Platform as a Service
• PaaS is a category of cloud computing that provides a platform and
environment to allow developers to build applications and services over the
internet.
• PaaS services are hosted in the cloud and accessed by users simply via their
web browser.
• A PaaS provider hosts the hardware and software on its own infrastructure.
• As a result, PaaS frees users from having to install in-house hardware and
software to develop or run a new application.
Thus, the development and deployment of the application take
place independent of the hardware.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly configuration settings for the
application-hosting environment.
• To make it simple, take the example of an annual day
function, you will have two options either to create a venue
or to rent a venue but the function is the same.
Advantages:
•Ease of Use: Simplifies the development process.
•Reduced Management: No need to manage hardware and software
infrastructure.
•Speed: Faster development and deployment of applications.
•Scalability: Easily scale applications as needed.
Drawbacks:
•Limited Control: Less control over the infrastructure compared to IaaS.
•Vendor Lock-In: Dependence on specific vendor tools.
•Customization: Less flexibility in customizing the environment.
Examples:
•Microsoft Azure
•Google App Engine
•Heroku
Infrastructure as a Service
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a service model that delivers
computer infrastructure on an outsourced basis to support various
operations.
• Typically IaaS is a service where infrastructure is provided as
outsourcing to enterprises such as networking equipment, devices,
database, and web servers.

• It is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).

• IaaS customers pay on a per-user basis, typically by the hour,
week, or month.
• Some providers also charge customers based on the amount of
virtual machine space they use.

• It simply provides the underlying operating systems, security,

networking, and servers for developing such applications, and
services, and deploying development tools, databases, etc.
Advantages:
•Scalability: Easily adjust resources based on demand.
•Cost Efficiency: Pay only for the resources you use.
•Flexibility: Access a wide range of resources and tools.
•Control: More control over the infrastructure compared to other cloud services.
Drawbacks:
•Complexity: Requires expertise to manage and maintain.
•Security Risks: Users are responsible for securing their data and applications.
•Downtime: Potential for service outages affecting business operations.
Examples:
•Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2
•Google Compute Engine
Function as a Service :
• FaaS is a type of cloud computing service.
• It provides a platform for its users or customers to develop, compute,
run and deploy the code or entire application as functions.
• It allows the user to entirely develop the code and update it at any
time without worrying about the maintenance of the underlying
infrastructure.
• The developed code can be executed with response to the specific
event. It is also as same as PaaS.
• FaaS is an event-driven execution model. It is implemented in the
serverless container.
•
Anything as a Service
• It is also known as Everything as a Service.
• Most of the cloud service providers nowadays offer anything as a
service that is a compilation of all of the above services including
some additional services.
Cloud architecture
• As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both
small and large organizations to store the information in
cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the
internet connection.
• Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-
oriented architecture and event-driven architecture.
• SOA is an architectural approach in which applications make use of services available
in the network.

• In this architecture, services are provided to form applications, through a network

call over the internet.

• It uses common communication standards to speed up and streamline the service

integrations in applications. Each service in SOA is a complete business function in
itself.

• Example: E-commerce Platform

• An e-commerce platform might use SOA to manage different aspects of the business.
Each service can be developed, deployed, and maintained independently but work
together to provide a seamless user experience.
• Event-Driven Architecture (EDA) :
Event-Driven Architecture is a software development approach in
which services (operations) of the software are triggered by events.
And that is why this approach is known as Event-Driven
Architecture.
• Well, then what does an event mean? When a user takes an action in
the application built using the EDA approach, a state change
happens and a reaction is generated that is called an event.
• Example: Real-Time Analytics for an Online Retailer
• An online retailer might use EDA to process and analyze user behavior in real time to
provide personalized recommendations and improve user experience.
• Events:
1.User Click Event: When a user clicks on a product, an event is generated.
2.Add to Cart Event: When a user adds a product to the cart, an event is triggered.
3.Purchase Event: When a user completes a purchase, an event is generated.
4.Review Event: When a user submits a product review, an event is triggered.
• Cloud computing architecture is a combination
of service-oriented architecture and event-driven
architecture.
• Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following
two parts -
• Front End
• Back End
Front End
• The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side
interfaces and applications that are required to access
the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes
web servers (including Chrome, Firefox, internet
explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.
Back End
• The back end is used by the service provider. It manages
all the resources that are required to provide cloud
computing services. It includes a huge amount of data
storage, security mechanism, virtual machines,
deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms,
etc
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

1. Client Infrastructure
2. Application
3. Service
4. Runtime Cloud
5. Storage
6. Infrastructure
7. Management
8. Security
9. Internet
1. Client Infrastructure
• Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI
(Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.
2. Application
• The application may be any software or platform that a client wants
to access.
3. Service
• A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access
according to the client’s requirement.
• Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:
i. Software as a Service (SaaS)
ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
4. Runtime Cloud
• Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime
environment to the virtual machines.
5. Storage
• Storage is one of the most important components of cloud
computing. It provides a huge amount of storage capacity in
the cloud to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure
• It provides services on the host level, application level,
and network level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware
and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources
that are needed to support the cloud computing model.
7. Management
• Management is used to manage components such as
application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure,
and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.
8. Security
• Security is an in-built back end component of cloud
computing. It implements a security mechanism in the back
end.
9. Internet
• The Internet is medium through which front end and back
end can interact and communicate with each other.