LEAD –LAG COMPENSATOR

GROUP-4
ADITYA GARG – 110121006
ANAS KHALID - 110121014
ARAYAN AGARWAL – 110121018
BOOMIKA V – 110121024
KOLLU KUSHAL – 110121046
MANAN PATIDAR – 110121048
MOKSH JAIN – 110121050
MRIDHUBASHINI – 110121052
PANKAJ ARYA – 110121060
PRINCE M – 110121064
PURUVASU SINGH – 110121068
RAMASHIS PADHY- 110121072
ROVIN SINGH – 110121082
LOKESH RAJU TETU - 110121112
CONTENT
• Introduction to compensator and types
• Why compensators needed ?
• Lead compensator and Lag compensator
• Lead Lad compensator basics
• Design and derivation
• Advantages of Lead –Lag compensator
• Limitations
• Summary.
 INTRODUCTION
• A compensator is an additional component or circuit that is inserted into a control
system to equalize or compensate for deficient performance.

• Why a compensator is needed?

1. To obtain the system's desired performance, we use compensating
networks. Compensating networks are applied to the system in the form of
feed-forward path gain adjustment.
2. Compensate an unstable system to make it stable.
3. A compensating network is used to minimize overshoot.
4. These compensating networks increase the steady-state accuracy of the
system.
5. Compensating networks also introduce poles and zeros in the system.
TYPES:METHODS OF COMPENSATION:

• Series compensation: Parallel or feedback compensation

Series parallel compensator

 LEAD COMPENSATOR:

A passive phase lead network:

on comparing,
∅ = angle 𝐺𝑐 (jω) = tan−1 𝜔𝑇 −
tan−1 𝜔𝛼𝑇
as α< tan−1 𝜔𝑇
Φ is always positive
the output voltage always lead the input
voltage in above network.
• BODE PLOT
FEATURES OF LEAD COMPENSATOR:

•LEAD Network
•• Improve Transient response.
•• Has high pass filter characteristic.
•• Offers unity gain to the low frequency signals and a gain of 1/α >>1 to high frequency signal.
•• Signal to noise ratio is poorer.
•• The gain cross over frequency and the band width of the system is increase.
•• Increased band width makes the response faster.
•• Increases phase shift.
•• Here zero is closer to origin than the pole.
LAG COMPENSATOR:
• PASSIVE PHASE LEAD NETWORK:
FEATURES OF LAG COMPENSATOR:

LAG Network
• Improve Steady-state response
• Has low pass filter characteristic
• Offers unity gain to the low frequency signals and a gain of 1/β < < 1 to
high frequency signal.
• Signal to noise ratio is better
• The gain cross over frequency and the band width of the system is
reduced.
• Decreased bandwidth slows the response of the system.
• It decreases the phase shift.
• Here pole is closer to origin than the zero.
LEAD LAG COMPENSATOR

The lead-lag compensator is a typical instrument

used in control engineering to increase control
system stability, speed, and accuracy. It operates
by adjusting the phase and gain of the system's
transfer function, which is the mathematical
connection between the system's input and output
signals.
The lead lag compensator :
• improves the system's response to disturbances.
• reduces overshoot.
• Improves system’s settling time.
DERIVATION OF LEAD LAG COMPENSATOR TRANSFER FUNCTION

The loop current i(t) will be given as:

output equation is given as:

Laplace transform of the above

equations, we will get,
• substitute the value of I(s) in the above equation
simplifying we will get,

In generalized form
Here the value of β > 1
Here poles are s = – β/T1, – 1/βT2 and zeros are at s = – 1/T1, – 1/T2
DESIGN AND DERIVATIONS
• Design Considerations

• Stability -the closed-loop system is stable for all possible values of the plant parameters and
external disturbances.

• Performance -
1.improve the transient response of the system by reducing overshoot, settling time, and rise
time.
2.should improve the steady-state response of the system by reducing steady-state error

3.signed to achieve the desired frequency response specifications, such as gain margin,
phase margin, and bandwidth.
LEAD-LAG COMPENSATOR DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1.Determine closed-loop pole location to provide desired transient Response.

2.Design the lead compensator (zero, pole, and gain) to place closed- loop poles as desired.

3.Simulate the lead-compensated system, iterate if necessary.

4.Evaluate the steady-state error performance of the lead- compensated system to determine
how much of an improvement is required to meet the error specification.

•
5.Design the lag compensator to yield the required steady-state error
Performance.
6. Simulate the lead-lag-compensated system
 THE LAG–LEAD COMPENSATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON THE FREQUENCY- RESPONSE
APPROACH –

• Example for the details of the procedures for designing a lag–lead compensator.

Solution -
● The phase- lead portion increases
both the phase margin and the
system bandwidth (which implies
increasing the speed of response).
The phase-lag portion maintains the low-
frequency gain
•We next draw the Bode diagram of an uncompensated system with K=20.
•The uncompensated system with K=20 is unstable with a phase margin of -32°.
BODE PLOT GRAPH
ROOT LOCUS ANALYSIS
ADVANTAGES :

1. Improved stability: can improve the stability of a control

system by providing additional phase margin.
2. Faster transient response: improve the transient response
of the system, which means that the system will respond faster
to changes in input.
3. Improved steady-state accuracy : improve the steady-state
accuracy of the system, which means that the system will
respond more accurately to steady-state inputs.
4. Design flexibility: Lead-lag compensators offer greater
flexibility in design, allowing engineers to tailor the system's
performance to meet specific requirements.
LIMITATIONS:
1. Limited frequency response: not be suitable for systems with very high or
very low frequency responses.
2. Limited effectiveness in reducing overshoot : it may not be effective in
reducing overshoot. In some cases, overshoot can be reduced by using a
different type of compensator, such as a PID controller
3. Limited robustness : A lead-lag compensator may not be robust enough
to handle changes in system parameters or external disturbances. If the
system parameters change significantly, the compensator may need to be
redesigned or retuned to maintain system performance.

4. Increased complexity: can increase the complexity of the control

system, making it more difficult to design, implement, and
maintain.
APPLICATIONS OF LEAD-LAG COMPENSATORS:

1. Process Control System:

used to improve the response of the system to various inputs and disturbances.
Temperature control:
used to adjust the temperature of a process variable, such as a reactor or furnace. The
compensator can be used to reduce the settling time and improve the accuracy of the
temperature control.

Pressure control:
used in pressure control systems to adjust the pressure of a process variable, such as a pipeline
or storage tank.

Flow control:
be used to adjust the flow rate of a process variable, such as a liquid or gas. The compensator
can be used to improve the response of the system to changes in demand or disturbances, and
reduce the effects of turbulence on the flow rate.
.
APPLICATIONS OF LEAD-LAG COMPENSATORS:

2.Aircraft Control System

used to improve the stability and response of the aircraft to various inputs and
disturbances.
Aileron control:
be used to improve the response of the ailerons to inputs from the pilot or autopilot
system. The compensator can adjust the phase and gain of the aileron control signal
to improve stability and reduce overshoot.
Engine control:
used in engine control systems to adjust the fuel flow or throttle position in response to
changes in altitude or airspeed. The compensator can be used to improve the
response of the engine to changes in demand
Rudder control:
used to adjust the position of the rudder in response to changes in yaw or heading.
The compensator can be used to improve the stability of the aircraft and reduce the
effects of turbulence.
FUTURE DIRECTION:

• the development of advanced design methods that can

automatically optimize the compensator parameters to
achieve desired system performance specifications. This can
involve the use of machine learning and optimization
techniques
• advanced control techniques, such as model predictive
control or adaptive control. This can help to further improve
the performance and robustness of the control system
• Nonlinear systems often exhibit complex behavior that can be
difficult to model and control using traditional linear
techniques. Lead-lag compensators can be used to stabilize
nonlinear systems and improve their performance
• Overall, lead-lag compensators will continue to play a
significant role in control system engineering in the future, as
they offer a flexible and effective way to shape the frequency
response of feedback control systems and improve their
performance and stability. Ongoing research and development
in this area
The End