COMBINATIONAL

CIRCUITS
Unit 4 – Chapter 1
Introduction
• CombinationalLogic Circuits are memoryless digital logic circuits
whose output at any instant in time depends only on the
combination of its inputs.
• Theoutputs of Combinational Logic Circuits are only
determined by the logical function of their current input state, logic
“0” or logic “1”, at any given instant in time.
• Theresult is that combinational logic circuits have no feedback,
and any changes to the signals being applied to their inputs will
immediately have an effect at the output.
• In
other words, in a Combinational Logic Circuit, the output is
dependant at all times on the combination of its inputs. Thus a
combinational circuit is memoryless.
• So if one of its inputs condition changes state, from 0-1 or 1-0, so
too will the resulting output as by default combinational logic
circuits have “no memory”, “timing” or “feedback loops” within
their design.
• Combinational Logic Circuits are made up from basic logic
NAND, NOR or NOT gates that are “combined” or connected
together to produce more complicated switching circuits.
• These logic gates are the building blocks of combinational logic
circuits.
• The three main ways of specifying the function of a combinational
logic circuit are:
• 1. Boolean Algebra – This forms the algebraic expression
showing the operation of the logic circuit for each input variable
either True or False that results in a logic “1” output.
• 2. Truth Table – A truth table defines the function of a logic gate
by providing a concise list that shows all the output states in
tabular form for each possible combination of input variable that
the gate could encounter.
• 3. Logic Diagram – This is a graphical representation of a logic
circuit that shows the wiring and connections of each individual
logic gate, represented by a specific graphical symbol, that
implements the logic circuit.
• As combinational logic circuits are made up from individual logic
gates only, they can also be considered as “decision making
circuits”
Data Transmission
Multiplexer easy
• A multiplexeris a digital combinational logic circuit that accept many(n) input
but give only one output.
• Multiplexer
means many into one. A multiplexer is a circuit used to select
and route any one of the several input signals to a signal output.
• The multiplexer used for digital applications, also called digital multiplexer, is
a circuit with many input but only one output. By applying control signals, we
can steer any input to the output. Few types of multiplexer are 2-to-1, 4-to-1,
8-to-1, 16-to-1 multiplexer.
• Itspurpose is to connect one of the inputs to the output line,
depending on a control signal. The general symbol of a multiplexer
is shown below.
• Basically, it switches between
one of the many input lines and
connects them one by one to
the output.
• It decides which input line to
switch to using a control signal.
• Physically, a multiplexer has n
input pins, one output pin, and
m control pins n = 2^m
• We can refer to a multiplexer
with the terms MUX and MPX
too.
• Since a multiplexer’s job is to
select one of the data input
lines and send it to the output,
it is also known as “data
selector.”
Uses of multiplexer
• Ina communication system where we have a communication
network, a multiplexer increases the efficiency of the system
by allowing the transmission of audio and video data on a
single channel.
• Intelephone network, multiple audio signals are integrated
on a single line for transmission with the help of multiplexers.
In this way, multiple audio signals can be isolated and
eventually, the desire audio signals reach the intended
recipients.
2:1 multiplexer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oR1Gec5dX9g
Demultiplexer
• Demultiplexer means one to many. A demultiplexer is a combinational logic
circuit with one input and many output. By applying control signal, we can
steer any input to the output. Few types of demultiplexer are 1-to 2, 1-to-4,
1-to-8 and 1-to 16 demultiplexer.
• Following figure illustrate the general idea of a demultiplexer with 1 input
signal, m control signals, and n output signals.
• Ina demux, we have n output lines, one input line, and m select
lines. The relation between the number of output lines and the
number of select lines is the same as we saw in a multiplexer. That
is, 2^m = n. Depending on the value of the binary number formed
by the select lines, any one of the output lines connects to the
input line.
• Therest of the output lines at this point go to an OFF state. That is,
the value of the remaining lines is 0.
• Inthis way, a demultiplexer converts serial data to parallel data
and acts as a serial-parallel converter. Moreover, since it connects
one data line to multiple data lines and switches between them, a
demultiplexer is also known as a “data distributor.” A demultiplexer
is alternatively referred to as a demux.
Uses of demultiplexer
• Demultiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations.
The main application area of demultiplexer is communication system where
multiplexer are used.
• Most of the communication system are bidirectional i.e. they function in
both ways (transmitting and receiving signals). Hence, for most of the
applications, the multiplexer and demultiplexer work in sync.
• 1:2 demux video

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xq1OSx_Bzt0
Decoder
• “Decoder” means to translate or decode coded information from
one format into another.
•A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary
information from n input lines to a maximum of 2^n unique output
lines.
• The Decoder performs the reverse operation of the Encoder.
• One of these outputs will be active High based on the combination
of inputs present, when the decoder is enabled. That means
decoder detects a particular code.
 Encoder
• AnEncoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of
Decoder.
• It has maximum of 2n input lines and ‘n’ output lines.
• It will produce a binary code equivalent to the input, which is active High.
• Therefore, the encoder encodes 2n input lines with ‘n’ bits. It is optional to
represent the enable signal in encoders.
Arithmetic and Logical Functions
Adder & Subtractor
• Refer
the practical for answers of Half and Full Adder, Half and Full
Subtractor, Comparators