Multiarea OSPF

Objectives

• Review OSPF Single Area

• Multiarea OSPF Implementation
• Types of LSAs Exchanged Between Areas
• Configuring Multiarea OSPFv2 and OSPFv3
• Verifying an OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 Configuration
• Review OSPF Key Points

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OSPF Single Area - Review

© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3
 OSPF Single Area - Review
• Link State Routing Protocol

• Faster Convergence

• Cost Metric (Cisco – Bandwidth)

• Identical Link-State Databases (LSDBs)

• SPF – Dijkstra’s Algorithm

• Determine Neighbors on Directly-

connected links
• Use Link-State Packets (LSP) for each
directly-connected link
• Flood LSPs to neighbors

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 OSPF Packet Types
• Type 1 - Hello

• Type 2 - Database Description (DBD)

• Type 3 - Link-State Request (LSR)

• Type 4 - Link-State Update (LSU) – Multiple Types

• Type 5 - Link-State Acknowledgement (LSAck)

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 OSPF – Hello Packet
• Discover OSPF Neighbors

• Establish Neighbor Adjacencies

• Advertise Parameters
 Hello Interval (Default 10 or 30 seconds)
 Dead Interval (Default 4 x Hello)
 Network Type

• Elect DR & BDR (multi-access

network)

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 OSPF – Link State Updates (LSU)
• Link-State Update (LSU)

• Link-State Advertisement (LSA)

• (Interchangeable)

• Multiple LSA Types

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 Basic OSPF Configuration
R1(config)#int fa 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.17 255.255.255.240

R1(config)#int s 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.252

R1(config)#int s 0/0/1
R1(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.5 255.255.255.252

Command syntax:
R1(config-if)#router ospf 1
router ospf process-id
R1(config-router)#network 172.16.1.16 0.0.0.15 area 0
network network-address wildcard-mask area
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
area-id
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.4 0.0.0.3 area 0

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 OSPF Router ID
Router ID = 192.168.10.5
1. Use the IP address configured with the
OSPF router-id command.
2. If the router-id is not configured, the router
chooses highest IP address of any of its
loopback interfaces.
3. If no loopback interfaces are configured,
the router chooses highest active IP
address of any of its physical interfaces.

Verification

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 OSPF Router ID
Router ID = 10.1.1.1
R1(config)#interface loopback 0
R1(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255

R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#router-id 10.1.1.1
Reload or use "clear ip ospf process" command,
for this to take effect

Verification

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 OSPF Metric - Cost
• Cisco IOS uses the cumulative bandwidths of
the outgoing interfaces from the router to the
destination network as the cost value
• Cost for an interface is calculated as 10 to the
8th power divided by bandwidth in bps
• Results in interfaces with a bandwidth of 100
Mbps and higher having the same OSPF cost of
1
• Reference bandwidth can be modified to
accommodate networks with links faster than
100 Mbps using the OSPF command auto-
cost reference-bandwidth
• OR – Directly specify the cost for a link:
R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0
R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562
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 OSPF and Multiaccess Networks
• Link-state routers flood their link-state packets
when OSPF is initialized or when there is a
change in the topology.
• In a multiaccess network this flooding can
become excessive.
• On multiaccess networks, OSPF elects a
Designated Router (DR) and a Backup
Designated Router (BDR) in case the
Designated Router fails.
• All other routers become DROthers

• DROthers only form full adjacencies with the DR

and BDR in the network, and send their LSAs to
the DR and BDR using the multicast address
224.0.0.6 (IPv6 FF02::06)
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 OSPF and Multiaccess Networks
DR/BDR Election
How do the DR and BDR get elected?
The following criteria are applied:
1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface
priority.
2. BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF
interface priority.
3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the
highest router ID is used to break the tie.

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Multiarea OSPF Implementation

© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14
 OSPF Issues with Large Networks

• Frequent SPF algorithm calculations

• Large routing table

• Large LSDB

Solution:
• Divide the network into multiple OSPF
areas

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 OSPF Areas
• Reduced frequency of SPF calculations:
Detailed route information exists within each
area, link-state changes not flooded to other
areas.
• Smaller routing tables: Instead of advertising
these explicit routes outside the area, routers
can be configured to summarize the routes into
one or more summary addresses.
• Reduced LSU overhead: Rather than send an
LSU about each network within an area, a
router can advertise a single summarized route
or small number of routes between areas.

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 Why Multiarea OSPF? Multiarea OSPF requires a hierarchical network
design and the main area is called the backbone
area (area 0) and all other areas must connect to
the backbone area.

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 OSPF Two-Layer Area
Hierarchy

Multiarea OSPF is implemented in a two-layer area hierarchy:

Backbone (Transit) area -
• Area whose primary function is the fast and efficient movement of IP packets.
• Interconnect with other OSPF area types
• Called OSPF area 0 which all other areas directly connect

Regular (Non-backbone) area -

• Connects users and resources
• A regular area does not allow traffic from another area to use its links to reach other areas
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 Types of OSPF Routers
• Internal Routers
 All interfaces in same area
 Identical LSDBs

• Backbone Routers
 At least 1 interface in area 0

• Area Border Routers (ABR)

 Interfaces in multiple areas

• Autonomous System
Boundary Routers (ASBR)
 At least 1 interface in non-
OSPF network

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Types of LSAs Exchanged
Between Areas

© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20
 OSPF LSA Types (Revisited)

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 Multiarea OSPF LSA Operation

OSPF LSA Types

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 OSPF LSA Type 1 – Router LSA
• One router LSA (type 1) for every router
in an area
 Includes list of directly attached links
 Each link identified by IP prefix assigned to
link, and link type

• Identified by the router ID of the

originating router
• Floods within its area only; does not
cross ABR

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 OSPF LSA Type 2 – Network LSA

• One router LSA (type 2) LSA for each

transit broadcast or NBMA network in an
area
 Includes list of attached routers on the
transit link
 Includes subnet mask of link

• Advertised by the DR of the broadcast

network
• Floods within its area only; does not
cross ABR

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 OSPF LSA Type 3 – Summary LSA
• Used to flood network information to areas
outside the originating area (interarea)
 Describes the network number and mask of
link

• Advertised by the ABR of originating area

• Regenerated by subsequent ABRs to flood

through the AS
• By default, routes are not summarized;
Type 3 LSA advertised for every subnet

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 OSPF LSA Type 4 – Summary LSA

• Used to advertise an ASBR to all

other areas in the AS
• Generated by the ABR of the
originating area
• Regenerated by all subsequent
ABRs to flood through out the AS
• Contain the router ID of the ASBR

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 OSPF LSA Type 5 – External LSA
• Used to advertise networks from
other autonomous systems.
• Advertised and owned by
originating ASBR
• Flood throughout entire AS

• Advertising router (ASBR) not

changed throughout the AS
• Type 4 LSA needed to find ASBR

• By default, routes are not

summarized

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 OSPF LSA Types

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 OSPF Routes – Routing Table

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 OSPF Routing Table Entries
 O - Router (type 1) and
network (type 2) LSAs
describe the details
within an area (the route
is intra-area)
 O IA - Summary LSAs
appear in the routing
table as IA (interarea
routes)
 O E1 or OE 2 - External
LSAs external type 1
(E1) or external type 2
(E2)) routes

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 OSPF Routing Table Entries

 O - Router (type 1) and

network (type 2) LSAs
describe the details within
an area (the route is intra-
area)
 OI - Summary LSAs appear
in the routing table as IA
(interarea routes)
 O E1 or OE 2 - External
LSAs external type 1 (E1)
or external type 2 (E2)
routes

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 OSPF Routes – Routing Table
External Routes
• E2 (default): The cost of O E2
packet routes is just the
external cost. Use this type if
only one ASBR is advertising
an external route to the AS.
• E1: Calculate cost by adding
the external cost to the internal
cost of each link that the packet
crosses.

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 OSPF Route Calculation 1. All routers calculate the
best paths to destinations
within their area (intra-
area) and add these
entries to the routing table.
2. All routers calculate the
best paths to the other
areas within the
internetwork (interarea) or
type 3 and type 4 LSAs.
3. All routers calculate the
best paths to the external
autonomous system (type
5) destinations. These are
noted with either an O E1
or an O E2 route
designator.
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Configuring Multiarea OSPF

© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 34
 Configuring Multiarea OSPFv2

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 Configuring Multiarea OSPFv3

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 OSPF Route Summarization
• Large OSPF Networks – Large number of
LSAs sent
• All affected OSPF routers have to recompute
their LSDB and the SPF tree
• Interarea route summarization: Configured
on ABRs and applies to routes from within
each area
• External route summarization: External
routes that are injected into OSPF via route
redistribution - configured on ASBRs only
• Address ranges that are being summarized
must be contiguous

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 OSPF Route Summarization

 R1 forwards a
summary LSA to
the core router
C1.

 C1 in turn,
forwards the
summary LSA to
R2 and R3.

 R2 and R3 then
forward it to their
respective internal
routers.
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 OSPF Route Summarization

Occurs on ABRs and applies to routes from within each area

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 OSPF Route Summarization

Specific to external routes that are injected into OSPF via route redistribution; ASBRs
summarize external routes

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 OSPF Route Summarization

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 Calculating the Summary Route
Summarize 10.1.1.0/24 and 10.1.2.0/24

10.1.0.0.

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 Configuring Interarea Route Summarization

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 Configuring Interarea Route Summarization

R1

R3

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 OSPF Route Summarization - VLSM

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 OSPF Interarea Route Summarization
96 = 0110 0000
127 = 0111 1111
=>/19 = 255.255.224.0

32 = 0010 0000 64 = 0100 0000

63 = 0011 1111 95 = 0101 1111
=>/19 = 255.255.224.0 =>/19 = 255.255.224.0

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 OSPF ASBR Route Summarization

Note - RIPv2 routes must also be redistributed into OSPF in this example

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 OSPF Default Route
• Two methods:
• default-information originate
• default-information originate
always
• Key word “always” allows default
route to be advertised even if
advertising router does not have
default route
• Optional metric value to indicate
preference

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 OSPF Default Route Example

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Verifying an OSPFv2 and
OSPFv3 Configuration

© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50
 Verifying Multiarea OSPFv2
Commands for verification:
• show ip ospf neighbor

• show ip ospf
For OSPFv3 simply
substitute ip with ipv6
• show ip ospf interface

• show ip protocols

• show ip ospf interface brief

• show ip route ospf

• show ip ospf database

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 Verifying General Multiarea OSPF Setting

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 Verify the OSPF Routes

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 Verify the Multiarea OSPF LSDB

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 Verifying Multiarea OSPFv3

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 Verifying Multiarea OSPFv3 (cont.)

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 Verifying Multiarea OSPFv3 (cont.)

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OSPF Key Points

© 2013 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 58
 Summary
Multiarea OSPF:
• Better choice for larger network than single-area

• Solves the issues of large routing tables, large link-state databases, and frequent SPF
algorithm calculations
• Main area is called the backbone area (area 0)

• Recalculating the database is kept within an area

• Four different types of OSPF routers:

• Internal router
• Backbone router
• Area Border Router (ABR)
• Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)

• A router simply becomes an ABR when it has two network statements in different areas
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 Summary
Multiarea OSPF:
• Link State Advertisements (LSAs) are the building blocks of OSPF
• Type 1 LSAs are referred to as the router link entries
• Type 2 LSAs are referred to as the network link entries and are flooded by a DR
• Type 3 LSAs are referred to as the summary link entries and are created and propagated by
ABRs
• A type 4 summary LSA is generated by an ABR only when an ASBR exists within an area
• Type 5 external LSAs describe routes to networks outside the OSPF autonomous system,
originated by the ASBR and are flooded to the entire autonomous system

• SPF tree is used to determine the best paths

• OSPF routes in an IPv4 or IPv6 routing table are identified using the following descriptors:
O, O IA (OI), O E1 or O E2.

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 Summary

Multiarea OSPFv2:
• An example of multiarea OSPFv2 configuration:
• R1(config)#router ospf 10
• R1(config-router)#router-id 1.1.1.1
• R1(config-router)#network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.15 area 1
• R1(config-router)#network 10.1.2.0 0.0.0.3 area 1
• R1(config-router)#network 192.168.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0

• Does not perform auto summarization but can be manually configured using the area X
range or summary-address router configuration command

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 Summary

Multiarea OSPFv3:
• An example of multiarea OSPFv2 configuration:
• R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing
• R1(config)#ipv6 router ospf 10
• R1(config-rtr)# ipv6 router-id 1.1.1.1
• R1(config-rtr)# int fa0/0
• R1(config-if)# ipv6 ospf 10 area 0

• Does not perform auto summarization but can be manually configured using the area X
range or summary-address router configuration command

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 Summary

Multiarea OSPFv2:
• Commands that are used to verify OSPF configuration consist of the following:
 show ip ospf neighbor
 show ip ospf
 show ip ospf interface
 show ip protocols
 show ip ospf interface brief
 show ip route ospf
 show ip ospf database

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 Packet Tracer
Activity

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 Multi-area OSPF Practice Lab

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 Final exam
• 2 parts:
• Quiz: Multiple choices answers and Short answer questions: 20 minutes
• Cover all topics
• Practice with Packet Tracer: 30 minutes
• IP addressing: IPv4, IPv6
• Routing
• Submit your .pkt file in submission box in course website
• You need to sign-up to have account to use Packet Tracer

• Closed-book

• Open only ONE tab in ONE web browser to do the exam

• No calculator, no mobile phone

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Thank you.