WDM Concept and Components

EE 8114 Course Notes

Part 1: WDM Concept

Evolution of the Technology

Why WDM?
Capacity upgrade of existing fiber networks (without adding fibers) Transparency: Each optical channel can carry any transmission format (different asynchronous bit rates, analog or digital) Scalability Buy and install equipment for additional demand as needed Wavelength routing and switching: Wavelength is used as another dimension to time and space

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Each wavelength is like a separate channel (fiber)

Ex: SONET

TDM Vs WDM

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Passive/active devices are needed to combine, distribute, isolate and amplify optical power at different wavelengths

WDM, CWDM and DWDM

WDM technology uses multiple wavelengths to transmit information over a single fiber Coarse WDM (CWDM) has wider channel spacing (20 nm) low cost Dense WDM (DWDM) has dense channel spacing (0.8 nm) which allows simultaneous transmission of 16+ wavelengths high capacity

WDM and DWDM

First WDM networks used just two wavelengths, 1310 nm and 1550 nm Today's DWDM systems utilize 16, 32,64,128 or more wavelengths in the 1550 nm window Each of these wavelength provide an independent channel (Ex: each may transmit 10 Gb/s digital or SCMA analog) The range of standardized channel grids includes 50, 100, 200 and 1000 GHz spacing Wavelength spacing practically depends on:
laser linewidth optical filter bandwidth

ITU-T Standard Transmission DWDM windows

c ( R ! 2 (P P

Principles of DWDM
BW of a modulated laser: 10-50 MHz 0.001 nm Typical Guard band: 0.4 1.6 nm 80 nm or 14 THz @1300 nm band 120 nm or 15 THz @ 1550 nm Discrete wavelengths form individual channels that can be modulated, routed and switched individually These operations require variety of passive and active devices

c (R ! 2 (P P

Ex. 10.1

Nortel OPTERA 640 System

64 wavelengths each carrying 10 Gb/s

DWDM Limitations
Theoretically large number of channels can be packed in a fiber

For physical realization of DWDM networks we need precise wavelength selective devices Optical amplifiers are imperative to provide long transmission distances without repeaters

Part II: WDM Devices

Key Components for WDM

Passive Optical Components Wavelength Selective Splitters Wavelength Selective Couplers Active Optical Components Tunable Optical Filter Tunable Source Optical amplifier Add-drop Multiplexer and De-multiplexer

Photo detector Responsivity

Photo detectors are sensitive over wide spectrum (600 nm). Hence, narrow optical filters needed to separate channels before the detection in DWDM systems

Passive Devices
These operate completely in the optical domain (no O/E conversion) and does not need electrical power Split/combine light stream Ex: N X N couplers, power splitters, power taps and star couplers Technologies: - Fiber based or
Optical waveguides based Micro (Nano) optics based

Fabricated using optical fiber or waveguide (with special material like InP, LiNbO3)

Filter, Multiplexer and Router

Basic Star Coupler

May have N inputs and M outputs

Can be wavelength selective/nonselective

Up to N =M = 64, typically N, M < 10

Fused-Biconical coupler OR Directional coupler

P3, P4 extremely low ( -70 dB below Po) Coupling / Splitting Ratio = P2/(P1+P2) If P1=P2 It is called 3-dB coupler

Fused Biconical Tapered Coupler

Fabricated by twisting together, melting and pulling together two single mode fibers They get fused together over length W; tapered section of length L; total draw length = L+W Significant decrease in V-number in the coupling region; energy in the core leak out and gradually couples into the second fibre

Definitions
Splitting (Coupling) Ratio = P2 ( P  P2 ) 1

Excess Loss =10 Log[ P0 ( P  P2 )] 1

Insertion Loss =10 Log[ Pin Pout ]

Crosstalk = 10 Log( P3 P0 )
Try Ex. 10.2

P ! P0 cos2 (Oz ) 1 P2 ! P0 sin 2 (Oz )

Coupler characteristics

O: Coupling Coefficient

Coupler Characteristics
power ratio between both output can be changed by adjusting the draw length of a simple
fused fiber coupler

It can be made a WDM de-multiplexer:

Example, 1300 nm will appear output 2 (p2) and 1550 nm will appear at output 1 (P1) However, suitable only for few wavelengths that are far apart, not good for DWDM

Wavelength Selective Devices

These perform their operation on the incoming optical signal as a function of the wavelength Examples: Wavelength add/drop multiplexers Wavelength selective optical combiners/splitters Wavelength selective switches and routers

Fused-Fiber Star Coupler

Splitting Loss = -10 Log(1/N) dB = 10 Log (N) dB Excess Loss = 10 Log (Total Pin/Total Pout) Fused couplers have high excess loss

8x8 bi-directional star coupler by cascading 3 stages of 3-dB Couplers

P1, P2 P1, P2 P1, P2 P5, P6 P3, P4 P7, P8

N Number of 3-dB Couplers N c = log 2 N 2

(12 = 4 X 3) Try Ex. 10.5

Fiber Bragg Grating

Fiber Bragg Grating

This is invented at Communication Research Center, Ottawa, Canada The FBG has changed the way optical filtering is done The FBG has so many applications The FBG changes a single mode fiber (all pass filter) into a wavelength selective filter

Fiber Brag Grating (FBG)

Basic FBG is an in-fiber passive optical band reject filter FBG is created by imprinting a periodic perturbation in the fiber core The spacing between two adjacent slits is called the pitch Grating play an important role in:
Wavelength filtering Dispersion compensation Optical sensing EDFA Gain flattening Single mode lasers and many more areas

Bragg Grating formation

20 sin(U / 2) ! Puv

FBG Theory
Exposure to the high intensity UV radiation changes the fiber core n(z) permanently as a periodic function of z

n( z ) ! ncore  Hn[1  cos(2Tz / 0 )]

z: : ncore: n: Distance measured along fiber core axis Pitch of the grating Core refractive index Peak refractive index

Reflection at FBG

Simple De-multiplexing Function

Reflected Wavelength PB ! 20neff

Peak Reflectivity Rmax = tanh2(kL)

Wavelength Selective DEMUX

Dispersion Compensation

Longer wavelengths take more time

Reverse the operation of dispersive fiber Shorter wavelengths take more time

ADD/DROP MUX

FBG Reflects in both directions; it is bidirectional

Extended Add/Drop Mux

FBG for DFB Laser

Only one wavelength gets positive feedback single mode Distributed Feed Back laser

Advanced Grating Profiles

FBG Properties
Advantages Easy to manufacture, low cost, ease of coupling Minimal insertion losses approx. 0.1 db or less Passive devices Disadvantages Sensitive to temperature and strain. Any change in temperature or strain in a FBG causes the grating period and/or the effective refractive index to change, which causes the Bragg wavelength to change.

xneff xneff xneff ! (T  (W xT xW

Unique Application of FBG

Resonance Cavity with FBG

Transmission Characteristics

Experimental Set-Up

 What is the wavelength separation when RF separation 50 MHz?

Interferometers

Interferometer
An interferometric device uses 2 interfering paths of different lengths to resolve wavelengths Typical configuration: two 3-dB directional couplers connected with 2 paths having different lengths Applications: wideband filters (coarse WDM) that separate signals at1300 nm from those at 1550 nm narrowband filters: filter bandwidth depends on the number of cascades (i.e. the number of 3-dB couplers connected)

Basic Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

Phase shift of the propagating wave increases with (L, Constructive or destructive interference depending on (L

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
Phase shift at the output due to the propagation path length difference:
(J ! 2T neff P (L

If the power from both inputs (at different wavelengths) to be added at output port 2, then,
1 1 T ! 2T neff  (L P1 P2

Try Ex. 10-6

Four-Channel Wavelength Multiplexer

By appropriately selecting L, wavelength multiplexing/de-multiplexing can be achieved

MZI- Demux Example

Arrayed Wave Guide Filters

Each waveguide has slightly different length

Phase Array Based WDM Devices

The arrayed waveguide is a generalization of 2x2 MZI multiplexer The lengths of adjacent waveguides differ by a constant (L Different wavelengths get multiplexed (multi-inputs one output) or de-multiplexed (one input multi output) For wavelength routing applications multiinput multi-output routers are available

Diffraction Gratings
source impinges on a diffraction grating ,each wavelength is diffracted at a different angle Using a lens, these wavelengths can be focused onto individual fibers. Less channel isolation between closely spaced wavelengths.

Generating Multiple Wavelength for WDM Networks

Discrete DFB lasers Straight forward stable sources, but expensive Wavelength tunable DFB lasers Multi-wavelength laser array Integrated on the same substrate Multiple quantum wells for better optical and carrier confinement Spectral slicing LED source and comb filters

Discrete Single-Wavelength Lasers

Number of lasers into simple power coupler; each emit one fixed wavelength Expensive (multiple lasers) Sources must be carefully controlled to avoid wavelength drift

Frequency Tuneable Laser

Only one (DFB or DBR) laser that has grating filter in the lasing cavity Wavelength is tuned by either changing the temperature of the grating (0.1 nm/OC) Or by altering the injection current into the passive section (0.006 nm/mA) The tuning range decreases with the optical output power

Tunable Laser Characteristics

Typically, tuning range 10-15 nm, Channel spacing = 10 X Channel width

Tunable Filters
Tunable filters are made by at least one branch of an interferometric filter has its
Propagation length or Refractive index altered by a control mechanism

When these parameters change, phase of the propagating light wave changes (as a function of wavelength) Hence, intensity of the added signal changes (as a function of wavelength) As a result, wavelength selectivity is achieved

Tunable Optical Filters

Tuneable Filter Considerations

Tuning Range ( ): 25 THz (or 200nm) for the whole 1330 nm to 1500 nm. With EDFA normally = 35 nm centered at 1550 nm Channel Spacing ( ): the min. separation between channels selected to minimize crosstalk (30 dB or better) Maximum Number of Channels (N = / ): Tuning speed: Depends on how fast switching needs to be done (usually milliseconds)

Issues in WDM Networks

Nonlinear inelastic scattering processes due to interactions between light and molecular or acoustic vibrations in the fibre
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

Nonlinear variations in the refractive index due to varying light intensity

Self Phase Modulation (SPM) Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

Summary
DWDM plays an important role in high capacity optical networks Theoretically enormous capacity is possible Practically wavelength selective (optical signal processing) components and nonlinear effects limit the performance Passive signal processing elements like FBG, AWG are attractive Optical amplifications is imperative to realize DWDM networks