Microprocessor 2
Microprocessor 2
Development of Microprocessor
Development of computer
• Computer is the most efficient and versatile
electronic machine is a development of a
calculator.
• The development & enhancement in the
calculator leads to the development of
computer.
• First mechanical computer named ‘Difference
engine’ and ‘Analytical engine’.
• The ‘Difference engine’ could perform the
arithmetic operations like add & subtract.
• But it could run only single algorithm and
output system was incompatible.
• The ‘Analytical engine’ provided more
advanced features.
• Four components:
1. The store (memory)
2. The mill (Computation unit)
3. Input Section
4. Output Section
First Gen (1940-56)
• Vacuum tubes
• First general purpose electronic digital
computer was Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC).
• Enormous in size and consumed very high
power.
• Faster than mechanical computer
Second Gen (1956-63) Transistors
• Transistors replaced Vacuum tubes
• Smaller, faster, cheaper, energy efficient and
reliable computers.
• But generated more heat
• Moved from binary machine to symbolic or
assembly language.
• Fortran COBOL were also being developed.
Third Gen (1964-71)
8085
CS
A15-A8
ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
AD7-AD0 Latch Memory
A7- A0 Chip
WR RD IO/M D7- D0
RD WR
Memory structure & its requirements
Interfacing Memory
• 16-bit address on the address bus
• Select the chip
• Select the register
• IO/M and RD
Address decoding
Chip Selection
A15- A10 Circuit
8085
CS
A15-A8
ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
AD7-AD0 Latch Memory
A7- A0 Chip
WR RD IO/M D7- D0
RD WR
Control and Status Signals
RESET signal
• RESET IN: Set to 0, MP will reset
• RESET OUT: Reset external devices.
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• IO technique where external IO device
requests the use of the MPU buses.
• High speed access to the memory.
– Example of IO devices that use DMA: disk
memory system.
• HOLD and HLDA are used for DMA.
• If HOLD=1, 8085 will place it address, data and
control pins at their high-impedance.
• A DMA acknowledgement is signaled by
HLDA=1.
Classification of Microprocessors
Based on size of data bus:
• 4-bit microprocessor
• 8-bit microprocessor
• 16-bit microprocessor
• 32-bit microprocessor
MPU Communication and Bus Timing