Pyay Technological university

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2024-2025 Academic Year (Semester – I)

Unit - 36

Refrigeration Applied to Air Conditioning

Presented by Group-IV

1
Group Members
S’Shalom Treasure
V M – 4(Leader)

Naing htet oo
VM–8

Yee Mon aung

V M – 12

Htet myat phyo

V M – 16

Shi min khant oo

V M – 20

Aung ko myint
V M – 24

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 Outline of
 Introduction Presentation
 The Evaporator used in Air-conditioning System
 Aim  Typical Room Conditions for Comfort
 Objectives  Compressor used in Air-Conditioning System
 Structural Heat Gain  Cooling the Compressor & Motor
 Evaporative Cooling  Condenser
 Package Air Conditioning  Condensing Units
 Split Air Conditioner  Cabinet design used in Air conditioning system
 Type of coils  Expansion Devices
 Distributor we used in many circuits  Air Side Components

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 Introduction
Refrigeration
 Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a space or substance,
reducing its temperature below the ambient level.

Air Conditioning
 Air conditioning is an application of refrigeration designed to maintain a
comfortable indoor environment, particularly during hot weather.
 It works by removing heat from an occupied space and expelling it
outdoors.
 Additionally, air conditioning systems control humidity, ventilation, and
temperature to ensure optimal comfort in buildings or vehicles.

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 Aim

 To create a comfortable indoor environment by effectively controlling

temperature, regulating humidity, and understanding the refrigeration
cycle, ensuring optimal conditions for occupants.

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 Objectives

 Balance heat gain due to conduction, infiltration and radiation.

 Support system designed to manage air conditioning processes, such
as compressors, evaporators and condensers.
 Helps cool the indoor environment during warm conditions.
 Transfers heat from inside a structure to the outside, ensuring thermal
comfort.

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 Structural Heat Gain

 Heat leaks into a structure by conduction, infiltration, and radiation.

 Solar load on a structure is greater on the east and west sides.
 Heat enters the structure through the walls, windows, and doors by
conduction.
 Air carries moisture. When outside air leaks into your building, it
brings humidity with it. This can make the inside feel warmer and
more uncomfortable.

Continue 7
Outside Temperature 95°F

Summer Sun heats the attic

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5°F Summer Sun heats the attic
Summer Sun heats the attic

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 Outside Temperature 95°F

Summer Sun heats the attic

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Outside Temperature 95°F

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 Evaporative cooling
 Air conditioning can be achieved through various methods.
 One method is evaporative cooling, which has been used for many years.
 Uses fibre in a frame with water running down it.
 Air passes through the fibre, causing water to evaporate and cool the air.
 The air that enters is very humid but cooler.
 Example: In Phoenix, AZ, the dry-bulb temperature is 105°F and wet-bulb
is 72°F.
 Evaporative coolers can cool the air to 80°F, even if it’s humid.

Continue 9
 THERMAL BOUYANCY
AND PREVAILING WINDS COOL CLEAN AIR IS
WORK TOGETHER TO CAPTURED AT A HIGH
LEVEL AND DRIVEN
DRAW OUT HOT AIR DOWN TO VENTILATE
HOT INTERIORS

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 COOL CLEAN AIR IS
CAPTURED AT A HIGH
LEVEL AND DRIVEN
DOWN TO VENTILATE
THERMAL BOUYANCY HOT INTERIORS
AND PREVAILING WINDS
WORK TOGETHER TO
DRAW OUT HOT AIR

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 COOL CLEAN AIR IS
CAPTURED AT A HIGH
LEVEL AND DRIVEN
THERMAL BOUYANCY
AND PREVAILING WINDS
DOWN TO VENTILATE
WORK TOGETHER TO
DRAW OUT HOT AIR
HOT INTERIORS

10
 How Evaporative cooling works
Cool
Water Distributor
Refreshing
Air

Blower

Evaporative Pad

Water Reservoir

Continue 11
 Package Air Conditioning

 All components (compressor, condenser, evaporator, and expansion

device) are housed in a single cabinet.
 Air is ducted to and from the unit, distributing cool air through the
building.
 Can be located beside the building or on top of it, offering flexibility in
installation.
 In some cases, the heating equipment is built into the same cabinet.

Continue 12
Window Air Conditioning System

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 The Split Air Conditioner

 The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit.
 Fitted outside the room, houses components like the compressor and
condenser.
 Comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan and
expansion device. For this unit, you don’t have to make any slot in the
wall of the room.

Continue 14
Continue 15
Components of Split Air-Conditioning System

Register
Air Supply Indoor Coil
Duct

Furnace
Refrigeration Lines

Thermosta
t
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 Type of coils

The A coil The Slant Coil The H coil

Upflow, downflow, Horizontal

Upflow, downflow, flow only
Horizontal flow Horizontal flow
slant only 2°
For Vertical Airflow, For up, down flow to 4°
Condensate Pan at the slant 60°
bottom of the coil
For horizontal flow
slant only 2° to 4°
For Horizontal flow coil up side
down and condensate pen at
the bottom of the coil
Continue 17
A coil H coil

Slant coil
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 Distributor we use in many circuit

 Ensure refrigerant is evenly spread through the coil.

 Increase the refrigerant’s velocity after the metering device and evenly
divides it into small tubes called leads.
 Mixes the liquid and vapour refrigerant properly, so every tube get the
same mixture avoiding uneven cooling.

Continue 19
Distributor

Multi-circuit evaporator

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 The Evaporator used in Air-conditioning

 Absorbs heat from the indoor environment, cooling the air.

 Made of aluminium or copper for efficient heat transfer.
 Attached to coils with fins to enhance heat exchange efficiency.
 Involves a refrigerant that changes from liquid to gas, absorbing heat in the
process.
 A blower fan circulates air over the evaporator coil, facilitating heat removal.
 Helps remove moisture from the air, improving comfort.

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 Function of Evaporator
 The evaporator coil operates about 40°F.
 Air leaves the coil at about 55°F.
 Humidity is higher because of the air being cooled.
 When humidity is higher, the coil temperature may be lower to remove
more humidity.
 Coil temperature is controlled by amount of airflow.
- More airflow results in higher coil temperatures.
- Less airflow results in lower coil temperatures.
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 Role of the Evaporator in AC
 Removes moisture from the air by condensing water vapor (Latent heat
removal).
 Humidity decreases, improving comfort.
 Lowers air temperature by absorbing heat from the room air (Sensible
heat absorption).
 The air becomes cooler and more comfortable.
 Condenses on the cold evaporator coil.
 Water droplets flow into the drain pan and are removed through the drain
pipe.
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 Typical Room Conditions for Comfort

 Dry Bulb Temperature: 75°(24°C)(measures air temperature).

 Relative Humidity: 50% (amount of moisture in the air).
 Wet Bulb Temperature: 62.5°(17°C)(temperature accounting for
evaporation cooling).

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 Compressor used in Air-Conditioning System

Compressor

Reciprocating Rotary Scroll

Compressor Compressor Compressor

Continue 25
 Reciprocating Serviceable
Compressor Hermetic

Large system and

commercial application
Piston and compress
refrigerant with intake, R22, R410A, , R407C are
compression and used ( R22 is banned
discharge
since 2020 )

Residential Systems

For only small 600ft2

medium 600 to 200ft2
Fully
rooms measurement
Hermatic
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 Cooling the Compressor & Motor

 Lack of cooling results in winding damage and can also cause

the compressor oil to break down.
 Large compressors are cooled27by suction gas.
 Some serviceable hermetic compressors are air cooled and
have “ribs” that dissipate the heat.
 Air-cooled compressors must have ample airflow.
 Some compressors are water-cooled and are surrounded with a
water-jacket.
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 Compressor Mountings

 Most use robber mounting feet and a spring-mounted motor.

 Welded hermetic compressors have rubber mounting feet on the outside.
 Motors on welded hermetic compressors are mounted on springs inside
the shell.
 Many newer compressors have a vapor space between the motor and
the shell of the compressor.

Continue 28
1.Rubber Mounting Feet
 Most compressors use rubber mounting feet
to Provides stability and reduces vibrations.

2.Spring-Mounted Motor

 Motors are mounted on springs inside

the compressor shell to help with
noise reduction and smooth operation.

3.Welded Hermetic Compressors

 Have rubber mounting feet on the

outside.
 Motor inside is mounted on springs.

Continue 29
 4. Newer Compressors

 Feature a vapor space between the motor and the shell

to improves cooling and efficiency.

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 Cooling the Compressor & Motor
1. Importance of Cooling:

 Lack of cooling leads to winding damage.

 Can cause compressor oil to break down.

2. Cooling Methods:

 For Large Compressors Cooled by suction gas.

 For Serviceable Hermetic compressors, small and
medium size, some are air-cooled and feature "ribs" for Air-cooled compressors
heat dissipation.

Continue 31
 Water-Cooled Compressors

 For used in industrial and commercial settings where high

cooling capacity is needed.
 The compressor is surrounded by a water-jacket.
 Water circulates through the jacket, absorbing heat from the
compressor

Air input/output

Water
output

Water-cooled compressors

Water input
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Small size than Compressor and motor
reciprocating pressed inshell and no
Rotary Compressor
compressor vapour space

Stationary Vane Rotary vane

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Working Principle of
Stationary Vane

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Working Principle of
Rotary Vane

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 Stationary Vane Rotary Vane
Rotary Compressor Rotary Compressor

 The shaft rolls around the cylinder.  Contains a rotor fitted to the centre at the
 The blade/vane draws in air and shaft.
compress it.  The rotor has vanes that slide in and out.
 Intake and discharge parts must be  The rotor turns, centrifugal force pushes
closely aligned. the vanes outward.
 As the rotor turns, air is drawn into the  This create separate chamber that
chamber. compress air.
 Lower pressure air enters, gets  Air enter the compressor at low pressure
compressed and exits of higher pressure. and by turning the rotor, the volume of
the chamber decrease and increasing air
pressure.

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 The Scroll Compressor

 Consists of two interleaved spiral scrolls.

 One scroll is fixed, while the other orbits around it.
 Compresses refrigerant gas as it moves through the spirals.
 Fewer moving parts so lower noise level.

Continue 37
Working Principle of the Scroll Compressor
Fixed scroll Orbit scroll

Fixed scroll Moving scroll

Suction chamber (Vmax ) Compression chambers Discharge chamber (Vmin )

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 Condenser

 Designed to reject heat from the system.

 Most are air-cooled and reject system heat to the surrounding air.
 The coils are made of copper or aluminium tubing with aluminium fins
to increase heat transfer rate.
 Increased heat transfer rate lowers operating temperature and
pressure and increased system efficiency.

Continue 39
 Sub-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

 Discharge air out from the side of unit.

 The condenser coil typically mounted vertically to get the heat
exchange efficiency in a compact form.
 The fan motor is generally mounted in front of the coil, blowing air
horizontally across vertical coil.
 The fan draw ambient air from the rear side of the unit and pushes
it through the coil to dissipate heat.

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 Sub-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

tically to get the heat

of the coil, blowing air

of the unit and pushes

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 Sub-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

tically to get the heat

of the coil, blowing air

of the unit and pushes

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 Top-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

 Discharge air out from the top of the unit.

 The condenser coil typically mount horizontally.
 The fan motor is generally mounted directly above the horizontal
condenser coil.
 The fan draw air side and bottom of the unit and pushes it through
the coil to dissipate heat.

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 Top-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

e the horizontal

ushes it through

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 Top-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

e the horizontal

ushes it through

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 Top-Air Discharge Condensing Unit

e the horizontal

ushes it through

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 Condenser Coil Design

 Vertical coils are prone to gathering dirt and debris at the bottom.
 Horizontal /Slant-type coils less likely to accumulate ground level
debris.
 Proper subcooling is vital for optimal performance.
 Low subcooling temperature than condensing temperature about 10
to 13°F to effectively cool a structure.

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Condenser Coil Design

 Vertical coils are

 Horizontal /Slan
debris.
 Proper subcoolin
 Low subcooling
10 to 13°F to eff

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 High-Efficiency Condensers

Physically larger coils Greater surface area

Greater surface area Lower head pressures
Lower head pressures Higher efficiency
 Higher efficiency means that compressor amperages are lower and
less power consumed.
 Some units use two-speed condenser fan motors.

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 Cabinet design used in Air conditioning system

Condenser cabinets are typically located outside.

 Essential to protect against elements like rain, snow, and sunlight.
 Older Units are Made of galvanized steel and Uses self-tapping screws for
assembly.
 Newer Units are now Constructed with aluminium making them lighter.
 Regularly check screws to prevent rattling and loosening.
 If screws become loose, replace with the next larger size for a secure fit.

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 Cabinet design used in Air conditioning system

.
rain, snow, and sunlight.
and Uses self-tapping screws

minium making them lighter.

and loosening.
next larger size for a secure fit.

47
 Cabinet design used in Air conditioning system

.
rain, snow, and sunlight.
and Uses self-tapping screws

minium making them lighter.

and loosening.
next larger size for a secure fit.

47
 Cabinet design used in Air conditioning system

.
rain, snow, and sunlight.
and Uses self-tapping screws

minium making them lighter.

and loosening.
next larger size for a secure fit.

47
 Expansion Devices

 Meter the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator.

 Most common types include the fixed-bore and the thermostatic expansion
valve.
 TXVs are more efficient than capillary tubes and allow more refrigerant flow
during a hot pull down.
 The pressures in systems with TXVs typically do not equalize in the off cycle,
so compressors with high starting torque are desired.

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 Expansion Devices

Coil

he thermostatic expansion
Bulb Power Head
allow more refrigerant flow
Cap
ot equalize in the off cycle,
ed. Outlet

Main body

Inlet

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 Air Side Components

1. Ceiling Diffuser: 5. Low Sidewall Register:

Even air distribution across ceiling Air distribution near floor

2. Perforated Ceiling Panel: 6. Window Slot Register:

Gentle, even air distribution Distributes air around window area

3. Wall Diffuser: 7. Floor Register:

Horizontal air flow into the room Upward air flow

4. High Sidewall Register: 8. Baseboard Register:

Air distribution above head level Low-level air distribution

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 Air Side Components
ll Register:

Air distribution near floor

t Register:

Distributes air around window area

ter:

Upward air flow

Register:

Low-level air distribution

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Thank You

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