Computer Network and Internet

Computer Network: When two or more computers are

connected in a systematic way with other necessary
devices for resource sharing, then it is called Computer
Network.
Types of Computer Network: According to network
coverage area or geographical location, Computer
Network is of mainly four types-
i)Personal Area Network (PAN)
ii)Local Area Network (LAN)
iii)Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
iv)Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Personal Area Network
Personal Area Network: A personal area network,
or PAN, is a computer network that enables
communication between computer devices near a
person. PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire,
or they can be wireless, such as infrared, Zig Bee,
Bluetooth and ultra wide band, or UWB. The range of
a PAN typically is a few meters (Usually up to 10
meters). Network Standard by Bluetooth is IEEE 802.15
 Local Area Network
Local Area Network: A local area network (LAN) is a
group of computers and peripheral devices that share a
common communications line or wireless link to a
server within a distinct geographic area. A local area
network may serve as few as two or three users in a
home office or thousands of users in a corporation's
central office. Network coverage area usually up to 1
k.m. Campus, Office, House, Bank, Hotel etc. use LAN.
Network standard for Wireless LAN is IEEE 802.11.
 Metropolitan Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network: A Metropolitan Area
Network is a class of network which serves a large
geographical area between 5 to 50 kilometers in range.
This geographical area can include several buildings,
such as a college campus, sometimes referred to as a
campus network, or an area as large as a city
(metropolitan area). Example: Banglalion Wi-Max
network.
 Wide Area Network
Wide Area Network: A wide area network (WAN) is a
telecommunications network that extends over a large
geographic area for the primary purpose of computer
networking. Wide area networks are often established
with leased telecommunication circuits. Network
coverage area may be A city, A country, within some
states or countries, or worldwide. Example: Internet.
 Network Topology
Network Topology: Geometric representation of
how the computers are connected to each other is
known as topology.
There are six types of topology – Mesh, Star,
Bus, Ring, Tree and Hybrid.
 Bus Topology
In bus topology there is a main cable and all the devices are
connected to this main cable through drop lines. There is a
device called tap that connects the drop line to the main cable.
Since all the data is transmitted over the main cable, there is a
limit of drop lines and the distance a main cable can have.
Advantages of bus topology
1. Easy installation, each cable needs to be connected with
backbone cable.
2. Less cables required than Mesh and star topology
Disadvantages of bus topology
1. Difficultly in fault detection.
2. Not scalable as there is a limit of how many nodes you can
connect with backbone cable.
Bus Topology
 Star topology
In star topology each device in the network is connected to a
central device called hub or switch. Unlike Mesh topology, star
topology doesn’t allow direct communication between devices,
a device must have to communicate through hub. If one device
wants to send data to other device, it has to first send the data
to hub and then the hub transmit that data to the designated
device.
• Advantages of Star topology
1. Less expensive because each device only need one I/O port
and needs to be connected with hub with one link.
2. Easier to install
3. Less amount of cables required because each device needs to
be connected with the hub only.
4. Robust, if one link fails, other links will work just fine.
5. Easy fault detection because the link can be easily identified.
 Star topology
• Disadvantages of Star topology
1.If hub goes down everything goes down, none
of the devices can work without hub.
2.Hub requires more resources and regular
maintenance because it is the central system
of star topology.
Star topology
 Ring Topology
In ring topology each device is connected with the two devices on either side
of it. There are two dedicated point to point links a device has with the
devices on the either side of it. This structure forms a ring thus it is known
as ring topology. If a device wants to send data to another device then it
sends the data in one direction, each device in ring topology has a
repeater, if the received data is intended for other device then repeater
forwards this data until the intended device receives it.
• Advantages of Ring Topology
• 1. Easy to install.
2. Managing is easier as to add or remove a device from the topology only
two links are required to be changed.
• Disadvantages of Ring Topology
• 1. A link failure can fail the entire network as the signal will not travel
forward due to failure.
2. Data traffic issues, since all the data is circulating in a ring.
Ring Topology
 Tree Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a
hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have
three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology
• Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
• Used in Wide Area Network.
Advantages of Tree Topology
• Extension of bus and star topologies.
• Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
• Easily managed and maintained.
• Error detection is easily done.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
• Heavily cabled.
• Costly.
• If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
• Central hub fails, network fails.
Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
• In mesh topology each device is connected to every other device on the
network through a dedicated point-to-point link. When we say dedicated
it means that the link only carries data for the two connected devices
only. Lets say we have n devices in the network then each device must be
connected with (n-1) devices of the network. Number of links in a mesh
topology of n devices would be n(n-1)/2.
• Advantages of Mesh topology
1. No data traffic issues as there is a dedicated link between two devices
which means the link is only available for those two devices.
2. Mesh topology is reliable and robust as failure of one link doesn’t affect
other links and the communication between other devices on the
network,
3. Mesh topology is secure because there is a point to point link thus
unauthorized access is not possible.
4. Fault detection is easy.
 Mesh Topology
• Disadvantages of Mesh topology
1.Amount of wires required to connected each
system is tedious and headache.
2.Since each device needs to be connected with
other devices, number of I/O ports required
must be huge.
3.Scalability issues because a device cannot be
connected with large number of devices with
a dedicated point to point link.
Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology
A combination of two or more topology is known as hybrid
topology. For example a combination of star and mesh
topology is known as hybrid topology.
• Advantages of Hybrid topology
1. We can choose the topology based on the requirement for
example, scalability is our concern then we can use star
topology instead of bus technology.
2. Scalable as we can further connect other computer networks
with the existing networks with different topologies.
• Disadvantages of Hybrid topology
1. Fault detection is difficult.
2. Installation is difficult.
3. Design is complex so maintenance is high thus expensive.
Hybrid Topology
 Internet
Internet: The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks that uses
the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to
communicate between networks and devices.
The Internet is a vast network that connects
computers all over the world. Through
the Internet, people can share information
and communicate from anywhere with
an Internet connection.
Uses of Internet
 Uses of Internet
1. Electronic Mail (email)
• The first major use of the internet is Email. People thronged to Email for
sharing information, data files, Photos, Videos, Business communications,
and any other files instantaneously with others. This had enabled faster
communication between people and improve business efficiency. An
email has reduced the usage of paper considerably and reduced the load
on physical mail systems.

2. FTP File Transfer

• This is the second major use case for the internet in the early days. FTP is
the file transfer protocol that enables data exchange between two
stakeholders over internet media in a secure way. The data exchange may
occur between two business entities or customers with business and vice
versa.
 Uses of Internet
3. Search Engines
• These engines locate the information one seeks, available in whichever
server across the globe (world wide web). Google, Yahoo, and MSN are
the renowned search engines in use today. One can search on anything on
this site, and the search question can be in any format. In fact, People
have started using the word Google as a generic verb synonymous to
search.
4. E-Commerce
• The Internet enables the selling of goods and services in online mode.
There are many e-commerce platform vendors like Amazon, Ola who
aggregate several products/services available in the market and sell them
through their portal to customers. Products are procured by platform
vendors, stored in their warehouses, packed and distributed by them in
their own brand. Customers get a good discount, and they don’t have to
visit physical stores.
 Uses of Internet
5. Online Banking
• Called as Net banking, it allows doing banking transactions at
ease sitting at home or while on mobile. Footfalls in the bank
branches have come down appreciably with almost all the
services are available in net banking 24×7. Any amount of
money can be transferred instantaneously through this
facility. E-Banking supports Electricity bills, Telephone bills,
and other services payment.
6. Cashless Transactions
• Bill Payment at merchandise outlets through debit cards,
credit cards, UPI gateway are on the increase. Cash circulation
gets reduced in the system to the extent of the growth of
these transactions. It’s growing by more than 50% every year,
and it is expected to grow by 10 times over the next 5 years.
 Uses of Internet
7. Education
• The Internet offers a wealth of educational material on any subject with structured
navigation and search facilities. One can seek any reading material, and the internet will get
it for them from any server in any part of the world, and people need not have to go to
libraries to go through books. Those who cannot attend physical (face to face) class can
take an online course where they get connected to the teacher, in the other part of the
world, in video mode and get taught on the subject backed up other audiovisual tools.
8. Collaboration
• Online chat tools like messenger, Skype, and other video conferencing tools help people to
get connected 24 x7 and have a hassle-free business and personal discussion. This avoids
unwanted travel by people and saves their time for productive use. The Internet has also
facilitated work from home with seamless connectivity to the office and avoid daily
commuting.
9. Social Networking
• Internet connects people online and enables them to form social groups. Information,
Ideas, views, and opinions on any social/political issues are exchanged. The political and
social organization makes use of this platform in promoting their interest among the public.
 Intranet & Extranet
Intranet: Interconnection among networks of
different sectors of an organizations is known
as Intranet. For example, interconnection
among networks of the department of
Production, Administration, Sales, accounts
etc. of an organization.
Extranet: Interconnection among different
networks of different organizations is known
as Extranet. For example, interconnection
among networks of Client, Server, Supplier,
vendor etc.
 Differences between Intranet & Extranet
Intranet Extranet
1. Intranet is a tool for sharing information 1. Whereas Extranet is a tool for sharing
throughout the organization. information between the internal members
and external members.
2. Intranet is owned by a single organization. 2. While Extranet is owned by either a single or
a many organization.
3. In intranet, security is implemented through 3. Whereas in this, security is implemented
a firewall. through a firewall in order to separate the
extranet and the internet.
4. Intranet is managed by an organization. 4. Whereas Extranet is managed by many
organizations
5. Intranet has a limited number of connected 5. Whereas in the extranet, connected devices
devices. are comparable with the intranet.
6. Intranet is a private network type for an 6. While it is also a private network in which
organization. public network is used in order to share the
information to the suppliers and customers.

7. Intranet is used in order to get employee 7. While It is used to check status, access data,
information, telephone directory etc. send mail, place order etc.
 Network protocol
Network protocol: In networking, a protocol is a set of rules for formatting
and processing data. Network protocols are like a common language for
computers. The computers within a network may use vastly different
software and hardware; however, the use of protocols enables them to
communicate with each other regardless.
Standardized protocols are like a common language that computers can use,
similar to how two people from different parts of the world may not
understand each other's native languages, but they can communicate
using a shared third language. If one computer uses the Internet Protocol
( IP)and a second computer does as well, they will be able to
communicate. But if one computer uses IP and the other does not know
this protocol, they will be unable to communicate.
On the Internet, there are different protocols for different types of processes.
Protocols are often discussed in terms of which OSI model layer they
belong to.
There are different types of protocols such as –
i) FTP ii) TCP/ IP iii) HTTP iv) SMTP etc.
 Different Types of Protocols
FTP: Full name of FTP is File Transfer Protocol. The File Transfer
Protocol (FTP) is a standard communication protocol used for
the transfer of computer files from a server to a client on a
computer network. FTP is built on a client–server model
architecture using separate control and data connections
between the client and the server.
SMTP: The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an internet
standard communication protocol for electronic
mail transmission. Mail servers and other message transfer
agents use SMTP to send and receive mail messages. User-
level email clients typically use SMTP only for sending
messages to a mail server for relaying, and typically submit
outgoing email to the mail server on port 587 or 465 per RFC
8314. For retrieving messages, IMAP and POP3 are standard,
but proprietary servers also often implement proprietary
protocols, e.g., Exchange activesync.
 Different Types of Protocols
TCP/IP: Full form of TCP/IP is Transmission Control Protocol
/Internet Protocol. It is a set of standard Internet
communications protocols that allow digital computers to
communicate over long distances. This Internet protocol
suite is the conceptual model and set of communications
protocols used in the Internet and similar computer
networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP because the
foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP).

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communications

standard that enables application programs and computing
devices to exchange messages over a network. It is designed
to send packets across the internet and ensure the successful
delivery of data and messages over networks.
 Different Types of Protocols
HTTP: The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application
layer protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World
wide Web, where hypertext documents include hyperlinks to other
resources that the user can easily access, for example by a mouse click or
by tapping the screen in a web browser.
As a request-response protocol, HTTP gives users a way to interact with web
resources such as HTML files by transmitting hypertext messages between
clients and servers. HTTP clients generally use Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP).HTTP is developed by Tim Burners Lee to use internet. MD
of W3 consortium is Tim Burners Lee.
 Hub & Switch
Hub & Switch: A Hub is a networking device that allows you to connect
multiple PCs to a single network, whereas a Switch connects various
devices together on a single computer network. A Hub operates on the
physical layer, whereas Switch operates on the data link layer.
Hub Versus Switch
• A Hub is a networking device that allows you to connect multiple PCs to a
single network, whereas a Switch connects various devices together on a
single computer network.
• A Hub operates on the physical layer, whereas Switch operates on the
data link layer.
• Hub uses Half-duplex cable on the other hand Switch uses Full duplex
cables
• Hub is a passive device while the switch is an active device
• Hub uses electrical signal orbits while switch uses frame & packet
• Hub and switch are both used in LAN
Hub & Switch
 Router
Router: The router is a networking device that direct the
traffic as data packets consisting web page or email etc.
A router helps us connect multiple devices to the Internet, and
connect the devices to each other. Also, we can
use routers to create local networks of devices. These local
networks are useful if we want to share files among devices
or allow employees to share software tools.
Router connect computers and other devices to the Internet. A
router acts as a dispatcher, choosing the best route for your
information to travel. It connects your business to the world,
protects information from security threats, and can even
decide which computers get priority over others.
Router
Hub, Switch & Router in a network
 MODEM
Modem : Modem is short for "Modulator-Demodulator." It is a
hardware component that allows a computer or another device, such as a
router or switch, to connect to the Internet. It converts or "modulates" an
analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data (1s and 0s)
that a computer can recognize.
A modem modulates and demodulates electrical signals sent through phone
lines, coaxial cables, or other types of wiring; in other words, it transforms
digital information from your computer into analog signals that can
transmit over wires, and it can translate incoming analog signals back into
digital data that your computer receives.
Modem Vs Router: Your modem is a box that connects your home network
to the wider Internet. A router is a box that lets all of your wired and
wireless devices use that Internet connection at once and also allows
them to talk to one another without having to do so over the Internet.
Often, your Internet service provider will give you one box that serves as
both modem and router, but they’re still different technologies; not all
modems include routers and not all routers have modems. You need
both, integrated or not, in order to provide an Internet connection for all
the devices in your home.
MODEM & Router
Wimax MODEM