Art History

Prepared by: Margaret E. Depalubos, RPm

  Art history begins with the emergence of
human beings whose imagination

Art propels an expression of great legacies

that human civilizations have witnessed.
 Art existed even before the discovery pf
Histor cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia and
hieroglyphics in Egypt.

y  Interaction of early humans with the

environment paved the enhancement of
imagination that led to discovery and
gradual evolution of finer aspects of life.
 Art  Art history has been characterized
with a Eurocentric bias because of

Histor power influence and historical control

of the West, art historians and
researchers start the inclusion of
y Oriental perspectives.
  Early ancestors (nomads) engaged in
primitive art using stone flakes to
produce fire to protect themselves.
 Hunting wild animals for food and used
Pre- animal skins to cover their bodies.

Historic  Cro-Magnons made carvings on wood

and rocks and painted the caves to scare
wild beasts to protect their families and
Period bands, who lived in deep and shallow
caves and rock shelters
  Cro-Magnons were known in cave
Pre- paintings that reflected their daily
hunting routines; associated with
Historic magic and fertility rituals, depicting
pregnant women with large breasts
Period and wide hips.

Aurignacian-Gravettian Cave Painting of a bison, Cave Painting of Drawn

Sculpture, Moravian Altamira Spain Animals, Lacaux Cave,
  Southeast Asia: art began since the
early appearance of humans, on
Pre- records in 43,900-year-old cave
paintings discovered in Maros-
Histori Pengkep, Sulawesi, Indonesia.

c
Period
 Pre-  Mesolithic age: the art of tool-
making improved like the use of axes

Histori by sharpening the tools using stone

flaking and grinding.

c  Learned to use nets and hooks for

fishing.
Period  The art of dog domestication for food.
  Neolithic age: nomadism ended
 Settled permanently and engaged in
the art of farming; raised barley,
Pre- wheat, millet, fruits and vegetables
 The art of animal domestication was
Histori increased (goat, horse, and sheep as
potential source for milk, cheese and
c meat)
 Art of pottery –making for water and
Period food containers
 Polishing and the putting of handles
on stone tools for a comfortable
hunting expedition
  Art in the ancient period represented
the architectural construction of stones
and bricks for temples, fortresses,

Ancie
tombs and palaces that symbolize
power and authority.
 2700 BCE: Ancient Sumerians
nt constructed the Ziggurat of Ur as a
votive offering to Enlil (deity)
Period
  575 BCE: Gate of Ishtar in Babylon (now
Iraq) is one of the famous citadels in the
ancient world.
 2000 BCE: Pyramids of Giza (Egypt) served
as tombs of the pharaohs
 1500 BCE: Mortuary Temples of Queen

Ancient
Hatshepsut and her family were constructed
during the New Kingdom

Period
 1300 BCE: Carving of the Bust of Nefertiti
was a famous contribution of art sculpting
during the Amarna period
 elaborate during the Minoan (1500 BCE) and the
Mycenean (1200 BCE) kingdoms in Ancient
Greece
 Minoan Palace of Knossos and the Lions
Gate in Mycenae (greatest contributions in
architectural art)

Ancien
 Minoan palaces of Crete were filled with
colored paintings with representation of birds
and animals
t  Minoan artists depicted sea creatures because of
their island location in the Mediterranean Sea.
Period  Greece was able to produce Parthenon in
Acropolis as a symbol of power and elevated the
culture of democracy.
 Greeks spent leisure by watching stage
presentations or plays at the Theater of Delphi
with more than 5,000 expectant visitors.
 Athenians were also known in slip or layered
 Theater of Delphi

Greek Slip Clay Pot of Athens Palace of Knossos

Art

‘Blue-bird’ and ‘bull-leaping Lion’s Gate The Parhtenon

  Copper Age: Egyptians were the first
group of people to use copper for
ornaments
 The art of mixing of copper and tin resulted
Ancie in the production of bronze that
transitioned to the Bronze Age.

nt  The smelting of iron by the Hittites of

Asia Minor (Turkey) ushered the

Period introduction of the Iron Age with creation

of chariots.
 Casting of Iron was introduced when
Egypt signed up a treaty between the
Hittites to end conflict and maintain peace
in the region.
  Greek art greatly influenced the
Etruscan art (600 BCE) by mixing
Greek and Roman styles to create

Ancie
composite columns in sophisticated
homes and tombs.
 The Structure of the Sarcophagus from
nt Cerveteri, Apulu (Apollo) and the
Interior of the Tombs of the Reliefs of
Period Cerveteri reflect their combined
sophistication.
 The Romans established a republic in
200 BCE and built an empire that
lasted until 250 CE.
  Structures of temples, tombs, palaces,
colosseums and aqueducts were inspired by
verism or Roman realism in art, which
expresses practical and down-to-earth style
and motif.
Ancient  Romans were also known for their frescoes,
mosaic and murals.
Period  Frescoes: mural paintings using
watercolor in freshly laid plaster on walls
and ceilings (e.g. The Last Supper by
Leonardo da Vinci)

The Last Supper by Leonardo da Bird Mosaic The Creation of Adam by

  Mosaic: picture made from colored
chips of stone or glass
Ancie  Murals: paintings executed directly
on walls
nt  Michelangelo: one of the known
muralists during Renaissance period
Period  Early Christian Art started in 400 CE
which featured churches and Christian
images
Old St. Peter Basilica Mausoleum of Galla Placidia Good Shepherd

Santa Costanza St. Apollinare Nouvo

  Early Medieval Period (410 CE to

Mediev 1024 CE) featured the arts of the

warlords (600 CE), Hiberno-Saxon and
al Carolingian (800 CE), and the Ottonian
(900 CE) with portable works,

Period interlacing patterns, illuminated

manuscripts, Cloissonne, burial relics
and animal style jewelries.
Finest
Works
Palatine Chapel Durham Cathedral

of Art

Manuscripts of Landisfarne,
Eboo, and Lindau Gospels
Mediev  This period features the Byzantine art
from 324 CE to 1453 CE, the Islam Art
al from 622 CE to 1924 CE, the
Romanesque (1100 CE) and the Gothic
Period (1200).
  Byzantine art included the
architectural design of the Hagia
Sophia and heavenly Byzantine Mosaic

Byzantin
e Art
  Islamic art featured architectural designs aside
from the Koran (Qur’an), the arabesques,
calligraphy, and horse-shoe arch

Islamic
Art Dome of the Rock Mosque of Cordoba

Palace of the Mosque of Selim II

  Characterized by heavy walls and
smaller windows

Romanesq
ue
Architectur
e Pisa Cathedral Durham Cathedral

 Excelled to keep relics

Reliquary of Sainte-Foy
  Characterized by a Rayonnant style with flying
buttresses and the use of stained glasses
 Romanesque art survived and developed despite Black
Death (1347-1351) and Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

Gothic
Period

Cathedrals of Salisbury and Notre Dame

  Late Medieval Period (1300 CE to

Late 1500 CE): coincided with the massive

development of art during the
Renaissance, as a redemption of
Mediev freedom curtailed during the early
medieval times.
al  Late Gothic or Proto Renaissance

Period (1300 CE): figures started to have

form with shadows and edifices
stressed with width and height
  Rebirth of classical culture that used linear
perspectives, frescoes and tempera in art.
 Medici Family: introduced the Medici
Late neo-platonic academy became patron
of the arts during this period
Mediev  The artworks of Leonardo, Michelangelo,
Raphael, Bramante, Bellini, Giorgione and
al Titian contributed to the glory of
Renaissance.
Period  The Renaissance art spread to France,
Poland, Germany, and England like the
works of Durer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan can
Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden
 Late
Mediev
al
Period Baptistery of San Giovanni Doors at Pisano Art

 Use of oil painting, extreme detail and

symbolism as depicted in the frescoes
of church ceilings
  Art in the Modern era was enlightened
by the ages: Mannerism (1550),

Moder Baroque (1650), Rococo (1700s),

Neoclassical (1800), Romanticism
(1800), Realism (1860), Photography
n (1850), England’s Arts and Crafts and
Paris Art Nouveau (1900),
Period Impressionism (1865-1885), Post
Impressionism (1900), Fauvism and
Expressionism (1910), Dada (1920),
and Surrealism (1930)
  Broke the rules and emphasized
twisted and elongated bodies
Manneris
m Art

Last Supper (Tintoretto)

 Also the works of El Greco,

Bronzino and Cellini
Madonna with the Entombment of Christ
Long Neck (Caravaggio)
  Art was used as a weapon for religious
wars
 Emphasized the works of Rubens,
Caravaggio, Bernini, and Gentileschi
Baroqu  Paintings, landscapes, and portraits
emphasized still-life like in the works of
e Claesz, Vermeer, Hals and Rembrandt
 Inspired by the religious and political
Period issues of the Thirty Years War between the
Catholic and the Protestant Church from
1618 to 1648, and the Counter
Reformation in Italy by Pope Paul III,
together with the active support of Saint
Ignatius de Loyola
Rococo  The theme of art was highly
decorative, more especially during the
Period time of King Louis XIV of france
 Period of
Enlightenm  1760-1850: neoclassical art
ent and recaptured Graeco-Roman grace and
Industrial grandeur.
Revolution
  Celebrated the triumph of imagination
and individuality in art
 Sixty years later, focused its theme to
Romanticis working class and peasants in a rustic
m mode of painting, more evidenced in
the works of Courbet, Daumier, and
Millet, inspired by the democratic
revolutions of 1848
Courbet

Daumier

Millet
  Recognized in 1850 in daguerreotype
and calotype classification

Photograp
hy
  Arts and crafts received recognition
using natural forms, repeated designs
of floral and geometric patterns
Photograp  Subject of impressionism for 20 years
hy in Europe: capturing the fleeting
effects of natural light
 Works of Monet, Manet, Renoir,
Pisarro, Cassatt, Morisot and Degas
  A soft revolt against impressionism in the
1900
 Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezanne and Seurat

Post-
Impressioni
sm
  Characterized by the use of harsh
colors and flat surfaces, and emotion
distorting form

Fauvism
and
Expressionis
m
  Experiments of new forms to express
modern life during Pre- and Post-
World War 1
Cubism,
Futurism,
Suprematis
m, and
Constructivi
sm
  Emphasis on ridiculous art, painting
dreams and exploring the unconscious

Dada
and
Surrealis
m
  Beginning of Abstract Expressionism
(1945) and Pop Art (1960s)
 After WWII, art observed pure
abstraction and expression without
forms
Contempora  “Some contemporary painters have
ry Period shifted their interest to the work of art
as an object in itself, an exciting
combination of shapes and colors that
fulfills an aesthetic need without
having to represent images or tell a
story.” (Zulueta, 1994)
  The use of popular art have a wide
demand for consumerism in
advertisements, commercial and
entertainment companies.
Contempora  This period also paved way to
ry Period postmodernism and deconstructivism
(1970-present); reworked and mixed
p[ast styles of art (Art without a
Center – popular mantra)