LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION OF GLOBALIZATION
 C O N T E N T S

1 D ifi n e G lo b a lizati o n

2 D i s c u s s h o w g l o b a l i zati o n aff e c t s p e o p l e

I d e nti f y t h e o r i g i n s a n d h i st o r y o f g l o b a l i zati o n
3

4 D eff e r i nti ate g l o b a l i zati o n a n d re g i o n a l i zati o n

Globalization
is the process by which
people and goods move
easily across borders.
Principally, it's an economic
concept -the integration of
markets, trade, and
investments with few
barriers to slow the flow of
products and services
between nations.
TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
• ECONOMIC - the focus is on the integration of international
financial markets and the coordination of financial exchange.

• POLITICAL - This type covers the national policies that bring

countries together politically, economically and culturally.

• CULTURAL - This aspect of globalization focuses in a large part

on the technological and societal factors that are causing
cultures to converge.
HOW DID GLOBALIZATION HAPPEN?
We might think of Globalization as a relatively
new phenomenon, but it's been around for
countries.
HOW DID GLOBALIZATION HAPPEN?
We might think of Globalization as a relatively new
phenomenon, but it's been around for countries.
WHAT DRIVES IT?
Globalization has speed-up enormously over the
half-century, thanks to great leaps in technology.
HOW DID GLOBALIZATION HAPPEN?
We might think of Globalization as a relatively new
phenomenon, but it's been around for countries.
WHAT DRIVES IT?
Globalization has speed-up enormously over the
half-century, thanks to great leaps in technology.

STORM IN A CUP
To help explain the economic side of
globalization, lets take a look at the well known
coffee chain, Starbucks.
HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION HELP
POLITICALLY?

- The role of political globalization on this

point is forcing governments to adopt
global institutions. It increases the
number of international organizations in
which a country is a member. This makes
governments more accountable in the
global area and forcing them to pay
attention to protect human rights.
HOW GLOBALIZATION AFFECTS CULTURE
IN THE PHILIPPINES?
In the Philippine culture, the effects of
globalization are immense and diverse.
The most apparent effect lies in our
language wherein using English in
professional communications is essential
in being competitive globally. However, it
made the Filipino language undervalued
and detrimental.
 GOOD EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
One of the good effects of globalization is about the
efficiencies and opportunities open markets create. Business
can communicate efficiently and effectively with their partners,
suppliers, and customers and manage better their supplies,
inventories, and distribution network.

BAD EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

One of the bad effects of globalization is all about the new
risks and uncertainties brought about by the high degree of
integration of domestic and local markets, intensification of
competition, high degree of imitation, price and profit swings,
and business and product destruction.
 NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION

DAMAGES THE ENVIRONMENT - The transport of goods and

people among nations generates greenhouse gas and all the
negative effects it has on the environment.

LOWERS LIVING STANDARDS - When companies move

operations overseas to minimize costs, such moves can eliminate
jobs and increase unemployment in sectors of the home
country.
DAMAGES CULTURAL IDENTITIES - Critics of globalization
decry the decimation of unique cultural identities and
languages that comes with the international movement of
businesses and people.

INCREASES THE LIKELIHOOD OF PANDEMICS - Increased

travel, critics say, has the potential to increase the risk of
pandemics.
 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. SOLIDITY/ SOLID 2. LIQUID/LIQUIDITY

-refers to being immobile, -It refers to increasing ease
unable to adapt, and limited of movement of people,
to specific traditional values things, information, and
or norms. places in the global age.
Characteristics of Liquidity
There are several characteristics of liquidity, which are as follows:

• The liquid does not have a fixed shape; it cannot contain one
particular shape for too long, and it changes according to the
situation or circumstances.
• It is not fixed or penned down, whether in space or in time.
• The most crucial characteristic of liquidity is time; the
concept of liquidity does not wait for anyone; time can make
or destroy the said person/business/state.
• Liquid phenomena cannot be restricted, limited, or stopped
at all. The entire point of liquidity is to flow through any or
all barriers. One cannot limit the activities of foreign trade,
financial transactions, or the exchange or drugs; it is
inevitable and will happen one way or another.

Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction, liquid is

the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore, the
metaphor that could best describes globalization is Liquidity.
Why Liquidity is best describes in
Globalization?
Because so much of the world has “melted'
or is in the process of 'melting' and has
become liquefied, globalization is
increasingly characterized by great flows of
increasingly liquid phenomena of all types,
including people, objects, information,
decisions, places, and so on.
 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. SOLIDITY/ SOLID 2. LIQUID/LIQUIDITY
-refers to being immobile, -It refers to increasing ease
unable to adapt, and limited of movement of people,
to specific traditional values things, information, and
or norms. places in the global age.

3. FLOWS
-It refers to the free movement across
borders enabled by advances in
technology and policies that reduce
barriers between interconnected
countries globally.
 ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION

There are many arguments about how globalization really

started. Some theorists will claim that it started during the
period of Western discoveries but some attributed it to the
onset of industrial age.Nonetheless, its history can be traced to
several perspective.
Origins and History of Globalization
There are many perspectives about how globalization
started and these are the (5) five different
perspectives:
• Hardwired
• Cycles
• epoch
• Events
• Broad Changes
 Hardwired
According to Chanda (2007), it is because of our
basic human needs to make lives better that made
globalization possible. Therefore, one can trace
the beginning of Globalization from our ancestors
in Africa who walked out fthe said continent in the
late ice age.
 Cycles
For some globalization is a long-term
cyclical process and thus, finding its origin
will be adaunting task. What is important is
the cycles that globalization has gone
through ((Scholte, 2005).
 Epoch
Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) great epochs of
globalization. These arled “waves” and
each has its own origin. The following are the sequential
occurence of the epochs:
1. globalization of religion (4th-7th centuries)
2. European colonial conquests (late 15th century)
3. Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th centuries)
4. Heydaay of European imperialism (mid-19th century to
1918)
5. Post-World War II Period
6. Post-Cold War Period
 Events

Specific events are also considered as part

of the fourth view in explaining the origin
of globalization points can be treated as
the start of globalization. Gibbon (1998),
for example, argued that Roman conquests
centuries before Christ were its origin .
 Broad Changes

These broad changes happened in the last of

the 20th century. Scholars today point to
these three notable changes as the origin of
globalization that we know today.
 Post Modernity
In the late 20th Century where globalization became
dominant force, many theorists proclaimed that this
period is also the period of post modernity where
new forms of technology arealready beyond modern
times.
Globalization Theories
Globalization Theories

A frameworks used to explain and analyze

the increasing interconnectedness of people,
cultures, economies, and politics across
national borders.
 Modernization Theory

• An approach to understanding how Traditional and

Underdeveloped societies Transform for modern
societies.

• Increase in technology will make all nations wealthy

and poor nations can follow the path of the
richer,modernized nation.

• Focused on rich and develop countries

 Dependency theory
• An approach to understanding the economic development
of a country in terms of the external Influences like political
economy and cultural effects on nation development
policies.
• some nations became rich at the expense of other nations
especially through colonization.
• Mainly fucosed on poor and Underdeveloped countries
 World System Theory
• Is a way of categorizing the countries in our world
based on their economic.

Wallerstein’s World System Theory Model

 Cultural Imperialism Theory
• Cultural imperialism is an Exercise of domination in
cultural relationships in which values,practices and
meanings of a powerful foreign cultured are imposed
upon one or mored native cultures. Example:
• Focused on the ways in which is US
culture was being spread to and
sometimes imposed upon developing
nations by US communications and
media corporations,by specific media
products and their imagery and
messages,and by the expanson of the
private model of the media system.
 Hyper-globalist Theory

• Is the rapid integration of the world's economies and

societies. It's characterized by increased trade, cross-
border movement, and technological innovation.

• Argue globalisation is a positive process of economic

growth and increasing prosperity for the majority
and the spread of democracy
 Transformationalist Theory
• It views globalization as a force that is transforming
societies, economies, and cultures in profound ways.
• They argue that the flow of culture is not one way, from
the west to the developing world; it is a two-way exchange
in which Western culture is also influenced, changed and
enriched by cultures in the developing world.
• A good example of this is the Bollywood film industry in
India, or the various ‘glocal’ manifestations of McDonald’s
burgers.
 Anti-Globalization Theory

• Is a social movement that opposes the negative

efeects of globalization.
• Critiques the negative consequences of
globalization, such as inequality, exploitation,
andenvironmental degradation.
Dynamics of Local and Global Culture

One of the characteristics of culture is being dynamic

Globalization changed the pattern of cultural diffusion and
sharing that caused to produce glocalization and
hybridization. These processes make culture becomes more
global with local flavors. Today local and global cultural
production are in decline. That's the new dynamic Globally
due to rising fragmentation and locally as a result of the
search of what originally was suppose to be there.
Neglecting that culture is not static but dynamic as it is the
product of ref.
GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION
What is Globalization?
Globalization is a "process of interaction
and integration among people,
companies, and governments worldwide".
It describes the growing interdependence
of the world's economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by cross-
border trade in goods and services,
technology, and flows of investment,
people, and information".
What is Regionalization?

Regionalization is the process

of dividing an area into smaller
segments called regions. It
points to the "decomposition
of the world into smaller
economic units and regional
integration groupings"
Difference between Globalization and Regionalization
Globalization and Regionalization is that globalization refers to
"international integration arising from the interchange of world
view, products and ideas, and other aspects such as
technology", and regionalization is the division of an area into
smaller segments called regions. Globalization promotes the
integration economies worldwide, but regionalization tends to
oppose integration and bring divisions. There is a free market
and opportunity to trade internationally with globalization,
while regionalization promotes monopolization. Globalization
tends to propel multiculturalism, but regionalization creates
boundaries in distinctive cultures.
Similarities between Globalization and Regionalization
Similarities between globalization and regionalization
include that these terms are social drivers that can either
unite or divide people. Also, both entities can be used in
politics, society and economies. Globalization and
regionalization have led to the removal of certain
traditions and cultures in society. This happened when
people became a global village, and others distanced
themselves from the rest of the world.
Importance of GLOBALIZATION and REGIONALIZATION
Globalization changes the way nation, businesses and
people interact. Specifically, it changes the nature of economic
activity among nations, expanding trade, opening global supply
chains and providing access to natural resources and labor
markets and Ragionalization encourage local governments to
pool resources, talent and efforts, Collaborating in this way
creates more effective planning that all governments both big
and small, can participate it. Globalization and Ragionalization
processes have dual nature. The main lines of these process will
be defined coherence, interdependence or contradiction and
that depends on what tendencies in the relations between
participants of these processes prevail- rivalry or cooperation.
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