Name of Institution

Amity Institute of Psychology

and Allied Sciences

Abnormal Psychology

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 Key Features defining Name of Institution

Psychotic Disorders
• Persecutory delusions: belief that one is going to be
harmed, harassed etc. by an individual, organization
or other group.
• Referential delusions: belief that certain gestures,
comments, environmental cues and so forth are
directed at oneself.
• Grandiose delusions: when an individual believes
that he/she has exceptional abilities, wealth or fame.
• Erotomanic delusions: when an individual believes
falsely that another person in is love with him/her.
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• Nihilistic delusions: involve the conviction that a major

catastrophe will occur
• Somatic delusions: focus on preoccupations regarding
health and organ function.
• Control delusions: belief that one’s thoughts,
emotions, perceptions or actions are under the control of
a different agent: either another person, a spirit, a
machine, or unknown forces.
• - Thought Insertion
• - Thought Withdrawal
• - Mind is being read/ chip is inserted to track/ control
thoughts. 3
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• Cotard delusion: False belief that one does not exist

or that one has died
• Delusional jealousy: False belief that a spouse or
lover is having an affair, with no proof to back up the
claim
• Religious delusion: Belief that the affected person is
a god or chosen to act as a god.
• Delusion of poverty: Person strongly believes they
are financially incapacitated. Although this type of
delusion is less common now, it was particularly
widespread before.
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 Types of Onset Name of Institution
• Acute: a sudden, rapid, or unanticipated development of a
disease or its symptoms.
• Insidious: Gradual, very slow procession of disease
manifestations
• Etiology: Study of cause
• Differential diagnosis: is a process wherein a doctor
differentiates between two or more conditions that could be
behind a person’s symptoms.
• Epidemiology: is the study and analysis of the distribution,
patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in
defined populations.
• Prevalence: is the proportion of a particular population
found to be affected by a medical condition at a specific
time. 5
 Positive Symptoms Name of Institution

• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Disorganized Speech
• Word salad: random words and phrases
• Neologisms: Made-up words
• Echolalia: meaningless repetition of another person’s
words or phrases
• Echopraxia (also known as echo kinesis) is the
involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's
actions
• Palilalia (meaningless repetition of one’s own words)
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 Negative Symptoms of Name of Institution

Schizophrenia
• Anhedonia: Lack of pleasure -The person may not seem
to enjoy anything anymore.
• Alogia: Trouble with speech- They might not talk much
or poverty of speech.
• Avolition: is a form of emotional or behavioral paralysis
that can diminish your drive to participate in social
activities and meet goals as well as your ability to
complete daily tasks. Many people mistake this negative
symptom for "laziness."
• Anosognosia: The lack of ‘insight’ or awareness of
symptoms/disorder. 7
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• Flat Affect: lack of facial expression, eye contact,

gestures, and variations in voice pattern. The person
with schizophrenia might seem like they have a terrible
case of the blahs. When they talk, their voice can sound
flat, like they have no emotions. They may not smile
normally or show usual facial emotions in response to
conversations or things happening around them.
• Apathy: Withdrawal- This might include no longer
making plans with friends or becoming a hermit.
Talking to the person can feel like pulling teeth: If you
want an answer, you have to really work to pry it out of
them.
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Schizophrenia spectrum and other
psychotic disorders
• These include schizophrenia, other psychotic
disorders, and schizotypal (personality) disorder.
• They are defined by abnormalities in one or more of
the following five domains:
– delusions
– hallucinations
– disorganized thinking (speech)
– grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
(including catatonia) and
– negative symptoms.

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• Delusions are fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change in

light of conflicting evidence. Their content may include a variety of
themes (e.g., persecutory, referential, somatic, religious,
grandiose).
• Delusions are deemed bizarre if they are clearly implausible and
not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from
ordinary life experiences.
• An example of a bizarre delusion is the belief that an outside
force has removed his or her internal organs and replaced them
with someone else’s organs without leaving any wounds or scars.
• An example of a nonbizarre delusion is the belief that one is
under surveillance by the police, despite a lack of convincing
evidence.

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• Delusions that express a loss of control over mind or

body are generally considered to be bizarre; these
include the belief that one’s thoughts have been
“removed” by some outside force (thought withdrawal),
that alien thoughts have been put into one’s mind
(thought insertion), or that one’s body or actions are
being acted on or manipulated by some outside force
(delusions of control).
• The distinction between a delusion and a strongly held
idea is sometimes difficult to make and depends in part
on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held
despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence
regarding its veracity.
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• Hallucinations are perception-like experiences that

occur without an external stimulus.
• They are vivid and clear, with the full force and
impact of normal perceptions, and not under
voluntary control.
• They may occur in any sensory modality, but
auditory hallucinations are the most common in
schizophrenia and related disorders.

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• Disorganized thinking is typically inferred from the individual’s speech.

– The individual may switch from one topic to another (derailment or loose
associations).
– Answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated
(tangentiality).
– Rarely, speech may be so severely disorganized that it is nearly
incomprehensible and resembles receptive aphasia in its linguistic
disorganization (incoherence or “word salad”).
• Because mildly disorganized speech is common and nonspecific, the
symptom must be severe enough to substantially impair effective
communication.
• The severity of the impairment may be difficult to evaluate if the person
making the diagnosis comes from a different linguistic background than
that of the person being examined. Less severe disorganized thinking or
speech may occur during the prodromal and residual periods of
schizophrenia.

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• Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

may manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from
childlike “silliness” to unpredictable agitation.
• Problems may be noted in any form of goal-directed
behavior, leading to difficulties in performing activities
of daily living.
• Catatonic behavior is a marked decrease in reactivity
to the environment. This ranges from resistance to
instructions (negativism); to maintaining a rigid,
inappropriate or bizarre posture; to a complete lack of
verbal and motor responses (mutism and stupor).

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• It can also include purposeless and excessive motor

activity without obvious cause (catatonic excitement).
• Other features are repeated stereotyped movements,
staring, grimacing, mutism, and the echoing of
speech.
• Although catatonia has historically been associated
with schizophrenia, catatonic symptoms are
nonspecific and may occur in other mental disorders
(e.g., bipolar or depressive disorders with catatonia)
and in medical conditions (catatonic disorder due to
another medical condition).
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• Negative symptoms account for a substantial portion of the

morbidity associated with schizophrenia but are less
prominent in other psychotic disorders. Two negative
symptoms are particularly prominent in schizophrenia:
diminished emotional expression and avolition.
• Diminished emotional expression includes reductions in the
expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of
speech (prosody), and movements of the hand, head, and
face that normally give an emotional emphasis to speech.
• Avolition is a decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful
activities. The individual may sit for long periods of time and
show little interest in participating in work or social activities.

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Schizophrenia (F20)
• A. Two or more of the following symptoms, each
present for a significant portion of the time during a
1-month period. At least one of these must be:
• 1. Delusions
• 2. Hallucinations
• 3. Disorganized Speech (derailment or incoherence)
• 4. Grossly Disorganized or catatonic behavior
• 5. Negative symptoms (diminished expression or
avolition)
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• B. For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the

disturbance, level of functioning in one or more major areas, such
as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care is markedly below
the level achieved prior to the onset.
• C. Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least 6
months. This 6- month period must include at least 1 month of
symptoms that meet Criteria A (active- phase symptoms) and may
include periods of prodromal or residual symptoms. During these
prodromal or residual periods, the signs of the disturbance may be
manifested by only negative symptoms or by two or more
symptoms listed in Criterion A present in attenuated form. (eg:
Odd beliefs, unusual perceptual experiences)

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• D. Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar

disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out
because either 1) no major depressive or manic episodes
have occurred during active- phase symptoms, or 2) if mood
episodes have occurred during active-phase symptoms, they
have been present for a minority of the total duration of the
active and residual periods of the illness.
• E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological
effects of a substance or another medical condition.

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• F. If there is a history of autism spectrum disorder or a

communication disorder of childhood onset, the additional
diagnosis of schizophrenia is made only if prominent delusions
or hallucinations, in addition to the other required symptoms of
schizophrenia are also present for at least 1 month.
• https://youtu.be/QIYW9JjZ-Os
• https://youtu.be/PcMJ98sNZOk

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Sub –Types of Schizophrenia
• Paranoid: schizophrenia used to be the most common
form of schizophrenia. In 2013, the American
Psychiatric Association determined that paranoia was
a positive symptom of the disorder, so paranoid
schizophrenia wasn’t a separate condition. Hence, it was
then just changed to schizophrenia.
• The subtype description is still used though, because of
how common it is. Symptoms include:
• delusions
• hallucinations
• disorganized speech (word salad, echolalia) 23
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• trouble concentrating
• behavioral impairment (impulse control, emotional
liability)
• flat affect

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• Hebephrenic/disorganized schizophrenia
• Hebephrenic or disorganized schizophrenia is still recognized by
the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related
Health Problems (ICD-10), although it’s been removed from the
DSM-5.
• In this variation of schizophrenia, the individual doesn’t have
hallucinations or delusions. Instead, they experience disorganized
behavior and speech. This can include:
• flat affect
• speech disturbances
• disorganized thinking

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• inappropriate emotions or facial reactions

• trouble with daily activities

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• Catatonic schizophrenia
• stupor (a state close to unconsciousness)
• catalepsy (trance seizure with rigid body)
• waxy flexibility (limbs stay in the position another
person puts them in)
• mutism (lack of verbal response)
• negativism (lack of response stimuli or instruction)
• posturing (holding a posture that fights gravity)
• mannerism (odd and exaggerated movements)

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• stereotypy (repetitive movements for no reason)

• agitation (influenced by external stimuli)
• grimacing (contorted facial movements)
• echolalia
• echopraxia
• palilalia
• https://youtu.be/gYwGmWWxY48
• https://youtu.be/zAEJ-Jvndms
• https://youtu.be/kp-Rt7NB7uU

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• Residual schizophrenia
• This “subtype” is a bit tricky. It’s been used when a
person has a previous diagnosis of schizophrenia but
no longer has any prominent symptoms of the
disorder. The symptoms have generally lessened in
intensity.
• Residual schizophrenia usually includes more
“negative” symptoms, such as:
• flattened affect
• psychomotor difficulties

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• slowed speech
• poor hygiene
• Many people with schizophrenia go through periods
where their symptoms wax and wane and vary in
frequency and intensity. Therefore, this designation is
rarely used anymore.

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Delusional Disorder (F22)

• A. The presence of one or more delusions with a duration of 1
month or longer.
• B. Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met.
• C. Apart from the impact of the delusions or its ramifications,
functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not
obviously bizarre or odd.
• D. If manic or major depressive episodes have occurred, these
have been brief relative to the duration of the delusional periods.
• E. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects
of a substance, other medical condition and is not better
explained by another disorder such as Body dysmorphic disorder
or obsessive compulsive disorder.
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• https://youtu.be/vF08wnUXCUo
• https://youtu.be/6sk-SALuc8w
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• https://youtu.be/GysfG3sMONY

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