STATISTICS

MOTIVATION:

Success in statistics, like in life, isn’t about

knowing all the answers—it's about learning to
analyze, adapt, and find meaning in the data.
Every problem is a chance to discover patterns
and uncover insights that lead to progress.
Statistics is a branch of science, which
deals with collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of quantitative
data.
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
 Descriptive Statistics is a method concerned with
collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data
without drawing conclusions (or inferences) about a
large group.

 Inferential Statistics is a branch of statistics,

concerned with the analysis of a subset of data
leading to predictions or inferences about the entire
set of data.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
 Class Limits is the groupings or categories defined
by the lower and upper limits.

Lower class limit (LL) represents the smallest number

in each group.

Upper class limit (UL) represents the highest number

in each group.

 Class size is the width of each class interval.

C l a s s B o u n d a r i e s a r e t h e n u m b e r u s e t o s e p a r a t e
each category in the frequency distribution but without
gaps created by the class limits. The score of the
student are discrete. Add 0.5 to the upper limit to get
the upper class boundary and subtract 0.5 to the lower
limit to get the lower class boundary in each group or
c a t e g o r y.

C l a s s M a r k a r e t h e m i d p o i n t o f t h e l o w e r
and upper class.

Formula: 𝐿𝐿+𝑈𝐿
𝑋=M

2
STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
a) C o m p u t e t h e v a l u e o f t h e r a n g e ( R ) a n d t h e n
determine the class size (c.i)

b) S e t u p t h e c l a s s l i m i t s o f e a c h c l a s s o r c a t e g o r y.

c) S e t u p t h e c l a s s b o u n d a r i e s i f n e e d e d . U s e t h e
formula:

d) Ta l l y t h e s c o r e s i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c l a s s e s .

e) F i n d t h e o t h e r p a r t s i f n e c e s s a r y s u c h a s c l a s s
mark, among others.
Example:
34 42 20 50 17 9 34 43

50 18 35 43 50 23 23 35

37 38 38 39 39 38 38 39

24 29 25 26 28 27 44 44

49 48 46 45 45 46 45 46
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Grouped Data

x Tally f Class Class mark

Boundaries (Xm)
9 - 14 I 1 8.5 – 14. 5 11.5
15 - 20 III 3 14.5 – 20.5 17.5

21 - 26 IIIII 5 20.5 – 26. 5 23.5

27 - 32 III 3 26.5 – 32.5 29.5

33 - 38 IIIII- IIII 9 32.5 – 38.5 35.5

39 - 44 IIIII- III 8 38.5 – 44.5 41.5

45 - 50 IIIII- IIIII- I 11 44.5 – 50.5 47.5

n = 40
G R A P H I C A L R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F S C O R E S I N
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
 Histogram consists of a set of rectangles having bases on the
horizontal axis which centers at the class marks. The base widths
correspond to the class size and the height of the rectangles
corresponds to the frequencies. Histogram is best used for
graphical representation of discrete data or non- continues data.

 Frequency Polygon is constructed by plotting the class marks

against the class frequencies. The x- axis corresponds to the
class marks and the y- axis corresponds to the class
frequencies. Connect the points consecutively using a straight
line. Frequency polygon is best used in representing
continues data such as the scores of students in a given test.
HISTOGRAM
Example:

34 42 20 50 17 9 34 43

50 18 35 43 50 23 23 35

37 38 38 39 39 38 38 39

24 29 25 26 28 27 44 44

49 48 46 45 45 46 45 46
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Grouped Data

x Tally f Class Class mark

Boundaries (Xm)
9 - 14 I 1 8.5 – 14. 5 11.5
15 - 20 III 3 14.5 – 20.5 17.5

21 - 26 IIIII 5 20.5 – 26. 5 23.5

27 - 32 III 3 26.5 – 32.5 29.5

33 - 38 IIIII- IIII 9 32.5 – 38.5 35.5

39 - 44 IIIII- III 8 38.5 – 44.5 41.5

45 - 50 IIIII- IIIII- I 11 44.5 – 50.5 47.5

n = 40
FREQUENCY POLYGON
 DESCRIBING GROUP PERFORMANCE

Tw o M a j o r C o n c e p t s i n D e s c r i b i n g t h e
Assessed Performance of the Group:

M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y - a r e u s e d
to determine the average score of a group
of scores.

M e a s u r e s o f Va r i a b i l i t y - i n d i c a t e t h e
spread of scores in the group.
Measures of Central
Tendency
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y

MEAN, MEDIAN
AND MODE OF
UNGROUPED DATA
 Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN

The most commonly used measure of the center of

data and it is also referred as the “arithmetic
average.”

a)C o m p u t a t i o n o f P o p u l a t i o n M e a n

Formula: μ =

Where, ∑X is the summation of data in X

And, N is the count of data in X
 Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN

b) Computation of Sample Mean

Formula: x̄ =

H e r e , x̄ r e p r e s e n t s t h e s a m p l e m e a n , Σ t e l l s u s t o a d d , x r e f e r s t o a l l
the X-values and n stands for the number of items in the data set.

c) Computation of the Mean for Ungrouped data

Formula: x̄ =

x̄ =

W h e r e , x̅ - s a m p l e m e a n , x - s a m p l e d a t a p o i n t a n d n -
number of observations
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Ungrouped

Example: Ten students got the following

grade in Mathematics 10: 83, 70, 95, 90,
88, 96, 90, 90, 755 and 85
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Ungrouped

WEIGHTED MEAN
∑ (𝑥 .𝑤)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 : 𝑥=
∑𝑤
Where,
∑ ( 𝑥 . 𝑤 ) - is the sum of the products formed by
multiplying each number by its assigned
weight,

∑𝑤 - is the sum of all weights

 Measures of Central Tendency
MEDIAN

It is the second type of measures of central

t e n d e n c y. M e d i a n i s w h a t d i v i d e s t h e s c o r e
in the distribution into two equal parts.
Fifty percent (50%) lies below the median
value and 50% lies above the median value.
It is also known as the middle score or the
50th percentile.
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Median for Ungrouped

If N is odd number,
~
𝑥
If N is even number,
~
𝑥
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Median for Ungrouped

Example 1: There are nine students in a

classroom, with ages 18, 19, 21, 21, 18, 20,
1, 22 and 23.

Example 2: Ten students got the following

grade in Mathematics 10: 83, 70, 95, 90, 88,
96, 90, 90, 755 and 85
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mode for Ungrouped

T h e t h i r d m e a s u r e o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y. T h e m o d e o r t h e m o d a l
score is score or scores that occurred most in the distribution.
It is classified as unimodal, bimodal, and trimodal and
multimodal.
 Unimodal is a distribution of scores that consists of
only one mode.

 Bimodal is the distribution of scores that consists two

modes.

 Tr i m o d a l i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s c o r e s t h a t c o n s i s t s o f
three modes.

 Multimodal is the distribution of scores that consists of

more than two modes.
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Mode for Ungrouped

Example 1: Ten students got the following

grade in Mathematics 10: 83, 70, 95, 90,
88, 96, 90, 90, 75 and 85

Example 2: 17, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 22,

23
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Mode for Ungrouped

Example 1: Ten students got the following

grade in Mathematics 10: 83, 70, 95, 90,
88, 96, 90, 90, 75 and 85

^
𝑥 = 90 – i n t h e g i v e n d a t a , t h e n u m b e r
appeared the most number of times is 90.
The data set said to be UNIMODAL.
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Mode for Ungrouped

Example 2: 17, 18, 18, 19, 20, 21, 21, 22,

23

- Thus,the data set has two modes: 18 and

21. The data is said to be BIMODAL.
M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y

MEAN, MEDIAN
AND MODE OF
GROUPED DATA
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Grouped Data

Grouped data are the data and scores that are

arrange in the frequency distribution. Frequency
distribution is the arrangement of scores
according to category of classes including the
f r e q u e n c y. F r e q u e n c y i s t h e o f o b s e r v a t i o n s f a l l i n g
i n a c a t e g o r y.

Formula used in solving mean for group data is

called “midpoint method.”
Formula: x̄ =

F =

CM =

∑ 𝑓 . CM =¿
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Grouped Data

Class Limits f Lower boundary Class mark (f. CM)

(Lb) (CM)
118- 126 3 117.5 122 366

127- 135 5 126.5 131 655

136- 144 9 135.5 140 1260

145- 153 12 144.5 149 1788

154- 162 5 153.5 158 790

163- 171 4 162.5 167 668

172- 180 2 171.5 176 352

 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Median of Grouped Data

Formula: = L +
Where,
 Measures of Central Tendency
Median of Grouped Data

Class Limits f Lower boundary cf

(Lb)

118- 126 3 117.5 3

127- 135 5 126.5 8
136- 144 9 135.5 17
145- 153 12 144.5 29
154- 162 5 153.5 34
163- 171 4 162.5 38
172- 180 2 171.5 40
 M e a s u r e s o f C e n t r a l Te n d e n c y
Mode for Grouped Data

Formula: L +

Where,
 Measures of Central Tendency
Mode of Grouped Data

Class Limits f Lower boundary (Lb)

118- 126 3 117.5

127- 135 5 126.5
136- 144 9 135.5
145- 153 12 144.5
154- 162 5 153.5
163- 171 4 162.5
172- 180 2 171.5
Measures of Position
 Measures of Position
It is a number that tells where the scores
stands relative to the others in a set of data.

It is a measure whether a value is about the

a v e r a g e , o r w h e t h e r i t s u n u s u a l l y h i g h o r l o w.

It is used for quantitative data that falls on

some numerical scale.

It can be applied to ordinal variables.

 General Method
 Linear Interpolation
 Mendenhall and Sincich
Method
 Measures of Position

QUANTILES FOR
UNGROUPED DATA
 Measures of Position
Quantiles

A score distribution where the scores are divided into

different equal parts.

Three Kinds of Quantiles

1) Q u a r t i l e i s a p o i n t t h a t d i v i d e s s c o r e s i n t h e
distribution into four (4) equal parts.

2) D e c i l e i s a s c o r e p o i n t t h a t d i v i d e s t h e s c o r e s
in the distribution into ten (10) equal parts.

3) P e r c e n t i l e i s a s c o r e p o i n t t h a t d i v i d e s t h e
scores in the distribution into hundred (100)
equal parts.
 Measures of Position
Q U A R T I L E S O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

 The quartiles are the score points which divide a distribution

into four equal parts.
25% 50% 75%

𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑄3
25% of the data fall 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛=𝑄2 75% are less than
below the first quartile. the third quartile.
50% are below the
second quartile.

Interquartile Range The difference between Q3 and Q1.

 Measures of Position
Q U A R T I L E S O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

Example 1.
The owner of a coffee shop recorded the
number of customers who came into his cafe
each hour in a day. The results were 14, 10, 12,
9,17, 5, 8, 9, 14, 10, and 11. Find the lower
quartile and upper quartile.
 Measures of Position
Q U A R T I L E S O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

Example 2.
Consider the set of scores in a quiz in
Math 10 of Section Quezon: 11, 13, 14,
15, 15 16, 19 ,19, and 20. Find Q1, Q2,
Q3.
 Measures of Position
D E C I L E O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA • If the quotient
obtained is NOT a
whole number,
round to the next
larger number.
𝑘𝑛 • If the quotient is a
The Deciles are the score points
𝐷 𝑘= whole number, use
which divide a distribution into ten
equal parts. 10 the value halway
between .

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛=𝐷5
 Measures of Position
D E C I L E O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

Example 1.
Find the 3rd decile or of the following
test scores of a random sample of ten
students: 35, 42, 40, 28, 15, 23, 33, 20,
18, and 28.
 Measures of Position
D E C I L E O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

Example 2.
Mrs. Buenaventura is a Mathematics
teacher, she gives a 60 - item test for
remedial class. The scores of 15 students
are 20, 35, 55, 28, 46, 32, 25, 56, 55, 28,
37, 60, 47, 52, 17. Find the 2nd decile,
7th decile, and 8th decile
 Measures of Position
P E R C E N T I L E O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

The percentiles are the score points 𝑘𝑛

which divide a distribution into one 𝐷 𝑘=
hundred equal parts.
100
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛=𝑃 50
 Measures of Position
P E R C E N T I L E O F U N G R O U P E D D ATA

Example 1.
The list shows the number of bottles of
strawberry jam sold in a day by 14 different
vendors: 19, 16, 10, 12, 15, 13, 9, 11, 17,15,
18, 20. Solve for .
 Measures of Position
PERCENTILE OF UNGROUPED
D ATA

Percentile Rank
 The percentile corresponding to a given value is computed by
using this formula.
(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥)+0 . 5
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑥= 𝑋 100
𝑛

Example 1.
Fine the percentile rank of a test score of 38 in
the data set, 42, 33, 38, 30, 27, 40, and 49.
 Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles of
Grouped Data

( )
𝒌𝒏
− 𝒄𝒇
Formula: 𝒊
𝑳+ 𝒄𝒘
𝒇

Where:
 Measures of Position

QUANTILES FOR
GROUPED DATA
 Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
of Grouped Data
 Find the of the height of 40 students of Grade 10 Class

Class Limits

( )
𝒌𝒏
118 - 126 3 117.5 3
− 𝒄𝒇
127 - 135 5 126.5 8 𝒊
𝑳+ 𝒄𝒘
136 - 144 9 135.5 17 𝒇
145 - 153 12 144.5 29
154 - 162 5 153.5 34
163 - 171 4 162.5 38
172 - 180 2 171.5 40