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Mod 4, Memory

The document outlines various aspects of memory, including its definition, methods of study, and different models such as Atkinson & Shiffrin's three-stage model and Baddeley's working memory model. It discusses types of memory tasks, including explicit and implicit memory, as well as the capacity and duration of short-term and long-term memory. Research findings, such as Bahrick's results on very long-term memory and Craik & Tulving's levels of processing model, are also summarized.

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Devanshi Chopra
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13 views

Mod 4, Memory

The document outlines various aspects of memory, including its definition, methods of study, and different models such as Atkinson & Shiffrin's three-stage model and Baddeley's working memory model. It discusses types of memory tasks, including explicit and implicit memory, as well as the capacity and duration of short-term and long-term memory. Research findings, such as Bahrick's results on very long-term memory and Craik & Tulving's levels of processing model, are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Devanshi Chopra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Memory Models

Memory

Memory is today defined in


psychology as the faculty of
encoding, storing, and retrieving
information (Squire, 2009).

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Methods Used to Study Memory

Recall
Serial recall
Free recall
Cued recall

Recognition

= these are explicit memory tasks


Implicit Memory Tasks

Participants are exposed Participants then complete


to a word list word puzzles; they are not
aware this is a type of
Tiger memory test
Lion Word fragment completion:
Zebra C_E_TA_
Panda E_E_ _A_ N_
Cheetah
Elephant _E_RA

After a delay…
Procedural Memory

Knowing how to do something


Ride a bike
Skateboard
Ski
Models of Memory

Represent ways that memory has been conceptualized

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s three-stage model


Craik & Lockhart’s level of processing model
Baddeley’s working memory model
McClelland & Rumelhart’s connectionist model
Traditional Model of Memory

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) three-stage model

Click to add text


Sperling Sensory Memory Demonstration:
CogLab Partial Report

A matrix of 12 letters and numbers briefly flash on the next few slides
As soon as you see the information, write down everything you can
remember in its proper location
Sperling’s
Results

Click to add text


Sensory Stores

Iconic store or visual sensory register


Holds visual information for 250 msec longer
Information held is pre-categorical
Capacity: up to 12 items
Information fades quickly
Echoic or auditory sensory register
Holds auditory information for 2-3 seconds longer
to enable processing
Short-Term Memory

Rehearsal
Attention
Attend to information in
the sensory store, it
moves to STM Short-Term
Memory
Rehearsal (STM)
Repeat the information to
keep maintained in STM
Retrieval
Access memory in LTM Attention
Storage &
and place in STM
Retrieval
Research on Short-Term Memory

Miller (1956)
Examined memory capacity
7+/- 2 items or “chunks”
Chunking: organize input into larger units
1 9 8 0 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 3 - Exceeds capacity
1980 1998 2003 - Reorganize by chunking

Birth College
HS graduation
year
graduation
Long-Term Memory

Capacity
Thus far limitless
Long-Term
Duration Memory
Potentially permanent (LTM)
Bahrick’s Research on Very Long-Term Memory

High school yearbooks containing student names and


photos
392 high school graduates (17-74) took four different
memory tests
For some of the participants, it was as long as 48
years since they graduated
Bahrick et al. (1975) Results

90% accuracy in face and name recognition


after 34 years
80% accuracy for name recognition after 48
years
40% accuracy for face recognition after 48
years
60% accuracy for free recall after 15 years
30% accuracy for free recall after 30 years
Levels of Processing Model of Memory

Craik & Lockhart (1972)


Deep processing leads to better memory
Elaborating according to meaning leads to a strong memory
Shallow processing emphasizes the physical features of
the stimulus
The memory trace is fragile and quickly decays
Distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and
elaborative rehearsal
Support for Levels of Processing

Craik & Tulving (1975)


Participants studied a list in three different ways
Structural: Is the word in capital letters?
Phonemic: Does the word rhyme with Mat?
Semantic: Does the word fit in this sentence? “The
______ is delicious.”
A recognition test was given to see which type of
processing led to the best memory
Craik & Tulving (1975) Results

1
Case
0.9
Rhyme
0.8
0.7 Sentence
Recognized

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Yes No
Sentence Type
Self-Reference Effect

Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977)


Encoding with respect to oneself increases memory

Capital Rhymes Means the Describes


letters? with? same as? you?
Baddeleys’ Working Memory Model
Working Memory Model

Phonological Loop
Used for acoustic rehearsal
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Used for visuo-spatial information
Episodic buffer
Used for storage of a multimodal code, holding an integrated
episode between systems using different codes
Central executive
Focuses attention, Plans sequence of tasks, switches attention between
different parts
Connectionist Perspective

Parallel distributed processing model


Memory uses a network

Meaning comes from patterns


of activation across the entire
network

Spreading activation network


model
Supported by priming effects

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