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Presentation 3(array)

The document discusses spatial array signal processing for multiple plane waves, detailing the mathematical representation of signals and their output spectrum when observed through an array aperture. It explains the characteristics of different types of apertures, including linear and circular apertures, and their impact on resolution, sidelobe height, and ambiguities. Additionally, it covers the advantages of using arrays of sensors for improved signal-to-noise ratio and the principles of spatial sampling and reconstruction of signals.

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Muhammad Salman
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5 views

Presentation 3(array)

The document discusses spatial array signal processing for multiple plane waves, detailing the mathematical representation of signals and their output spectrum when observed through an array aperture. It explains the characteristics of different types of apertures, including linear and circular apertures, and their impact on resolution, sidelobe height, and ambiguities. Additionally, it covers the advantages of using arrays of sensors for improved signal-to-noise ratio and the principles of spatial sampling and reconstruction of signals.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Salman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Array

Spatial Array Signal Processing

1
For Multiple Plane Waves


• When f ( x , t ) is a superposition of plane waves
 
f ( x , t )  si (t   io .x )
i

• Space-time signal has a spectrum given by


 
F (k ,  )  (2 ) S ( ) ( k   )
3
i i
o

• When it is observed through the array aperture, the


output spectrum is
 
Z (k ,  )  Si ( )W (k   io )
i

2
Multiple plane waves
 
• When k  oj , where j equals the index
corresponding to one of the propagating
signals, the output spectrum can be written as

Z ( ,  )  S ( )W (   )
o
j i
o
j i
o

i

 Z ( oj ,  ) S j ( )W (0)   Si ( )W ([ oj   io ])
    i j
i j

• If W ([oj   io ]) W (0) for i  j sensor acts as a


spatial filter that passes signals propagating
o
from the direction  j while rejecting others.
3
Types of Aperture
• Linear aperture is a one-dimensional example.
• Circular aperture is a two-dimensional example of
apertures.
• The linear aperture is widely used in sonar and
seismic signal processing.
• Circular aperture is commonly used in optics and
imaging systems.

4
Linear Aperture
• Consider a linear aperture which has an aperture
function that is nonzero only along a finite-length line
segment in two-dimensional space
1, x D 2
b( x) 
0, otherwise

• The two-dimensional
w( x ) w( x, y ) b( x)aperture

( y) function can be
written as
• The aperture function is nonzero only along a small
segment of x-axis.

• The aperture smoothing W depends only k on the x-
 sin(k D / 2)
component of the W (kwavenumber
) x vector given by 5
kx / 2
Plot of aperture smoothing function

• At (k x 0)
sin(k x D / 2)
W (0)  lim
kx  0 Kx / 2
lim( D / 2) cos(k x D / 2)
kx  0
 D
lim 1/ 2
kx  0

• Thus, the aperture smoothing function has a central


mainlobe of height D, and an infinite number of
sidelobes of decreasing amplitude.
• Width of main lobe is 4 / D .
6
Characteristics of an Aperture
1) Resolution of an Aperture
• The ability of a sensor (receiver) to distinguish between
closely spaced signal sources (targets) is known as
resolution.
• An aperture with a large spatial extent has a narrow
aperture smoothing function (D in the denominator) ,
which leads to minimal spectral smoothing.
• The spatial extent of an aperture determines the
resolution with which two plane waves can be
separated: the larger the extent, the more focused the
aperture can be on any specific direction.
7
Characteristics of an Aperture
2) Sidelobe Height

• The height of the highest sidelobe relative to the mainlobe


measures an aperture’s ability to reject unwanted noise
and signals, and focus on particular propagating signals.
• For the linear aperture, the first side lobe maximum occurs
at . Mainlobe height

D
4.603
Sidelobe height 0.2172 D

• This ratio is independent of the aperture length D.


Therefore, a longer aperture gives a better resolution i.e. a
narrower mainlobe passband, but doesn’t lead to lower
sidelobes. 8
Characteristics of an Aperture
3) Aperture Ambiguities

• Because of the symmetries of many apertures, waves


propagating at the same speeds but from different directions
can yield exactly the same output.
• The set of directions yielding identical responses is termed the
ambiguity set.
• In 3-D, any wave making the same angle with respect to the
linear aperture will appear the same to the aperture.
• This ambiguity set is a cone

9
Arrays

10
Array

• An array consists of a group of sensors (receivers),


combined to produce a single output.

• The main advantage of an array is that the signal-to-


noise ratio of output signal is more than that of a
single sensor .

• In contrast to a continuous aperture, an array consists


of individual sensors that sample the field spatially.
• Each sensor could be an aperture. 11
Periodic Spatial Sampling in One
Dimension
• When we sample a signal f ( x, t )is a function
that
of one spatial dimension (x, y or z) and time,
we obtain a sequence of temporal signals
{ ym (t )}
given by (just sampling in space)
ym (t )  f (md , t )

• Where d is the spatial sampling interval.


Spatial sampling can simply be done by
receiving a signal or field by a set of sensors
separated by a distance d.
12
Discrete spatial frequency

• The discrete frequency variable k usually
ranges from 0 to 2 or from - to .
 
• The relation between k and kis k kd
• Thus, 
S (kd ) S (k )


• k is measured in radians per sampling
period. 13
Reconstruction of signal from samples
Temporal sampling Spatial Sampling

Nyquist criteria
  T k  d

Reconstruction formula

sin[ (t  nt ) / T ] 
sin[ ( x  md ) / d ]
x(t )   x(n) f ( x, to )   ym (to )
n    (t  nt ) / T m    ( x  md ) / d

14
Reference
• Don H. Johnson, Dan E. Dudgeon, “Array
Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques”,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632.
(Chapter # 2, 3)

15

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