UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF COMPUTING

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Advance Database Management System

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

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 Contents

• Normalization

• Types of Normal Forms:

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A large database defined as a single relation may result in data duplication. This
repetition of data may result in:
• Making relations very large.
• It isn't easy to maintain and update data as it would involve searching many records in
relation.
• Wastage and poor utilization of disk space and resources.
• The likelihood of errors and inconsistencies increases.

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 Normalization
So to handle these problems, we should analyze and decompose the relations with
redundant data into smaller, simpler, and well-structured relations that are satisfy
desirable properties.

Normalization is a process of decomposing the relations into relations with fewer

attributes.

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 Normalization
• Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database.

• Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from a relation or set of relations. It

is also used to eliminate undesirable characteristics like Insertion, Update, and Deletion
Anomalies.

• Normalization divides the larger table into smaller and links them using relationships

• The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the database table.

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 Data modification anomalies
Data modification anomalies can be categorized into three types:

• Insertion Anomaly: Insertion Anomaly refers to when one cannot insert a new tuple
into a relationship due to lack of data.

• Deletion Anomaly: The delete anomaly refers to the situation where the deletion of
data results in the unintended loss of some other important data.

• Updatation Anomaly: The update anomaly is when an update of a single data value
requires multiple rows of data to be updated.

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 Types of Normal Forms:
• Normalization works through a series of stages called Normal forms. The normal forms
apply to individual relations. The relation is said to be in particular normal form if it
satisfies constraints.

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 Types of Normal Forms:
Normal Form Description
• Network Model: The network database model allows each child to have multiple
1NF parents. A relation is in 1NF if it contains an atomic value.

• It helps you to address the need to model more complex relationships like as the
2NF A relation will be in 2NF if it is in 1NF and all non-key attributes are fully
orders/partsfunctional
many-to-many relationship.
dependent on the primary key.
• In this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several

3NF paths. A relation will be in 3NF if it is in 2NF and no transition dependency exists.

BCNF A stronger definition of 3NF is known as Boyce Codd's normal form.

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 Types of Normal Forms:
Normal Form Description
• Network Model: The network database model allows each child to have multiple

4NF parents. A relation will be in 4NF if it is in Boyce Codd's normal form and has no
multi-valued dependency.
• It helps you to address the need to model more complex relationships like as the
orders/parts many-to-many relationship.

• In this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed through several
5NF A relation is in 5NF. If it is in 4NF and does not contain any join dependency,
paths. joining should be lossless

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 Advantages of Normalization
•Normalization helps to minimize data redundancy.

•Greater overall database organization.

•Data consistency within the database

•Much more flexible database design.

•Enforces the concept of relational integrity.

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 Disadvantages of Normalization
• You cannot start building the database before knowing what the user needs.

• The performance degrades when normalizing the relations to higher normal forms, i.e.,
4NF, 5NF.

• It is very time-consuming and difficult to normalize relations of a higher degree.

• Careless decomposition may lead to a bad database design, leading to serious

problems.

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 First Normal Form (1NF)
• A relation will be 1NF if it contains an atomic value.

• It states that an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple values. It must hold only
single-valued attribute.

• First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute, composite attribute, and their
combinations.

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 EMPLOYEE table:

• Example: Relation EMPLOYEE is not in 1NF because of multi-valued attribute EMP_PHONE.

MP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_PHONE EMP_STATE

14 John 7272826385, UP
9064738238

20 Harry 8574783832 Bihar

12 Sam 7390372389, Punjab

8589830302

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 The decomposition of the EMPLOYEE table into 1NF has been shown below:

•MP_ID EMP_NAME
Entity: An Entity may EMP_PHONE
be an object with a physical EMP_STATE
existence – a particular person, car,
house, or employee – or it may be an object with a conceptual existence – a company, a
14 John 7272826385 UP
job, or a university course.
14 John 9064738238 UP
• Attributes: Attributes are the properties which define the entity type. For example,
20Roll_No, Name, DOB, Age, Address, Mobile_No
Harry are the attributesBihar
8574783832 which defines entity
type Student. In ER diagram, attribute is represented by an oval.
12 Sam 7390372389 Punjab
• Relationalship: One to one, one to many and many to one
12 Sam 8589830302 Punjab

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 Second Normal Form (2NF)
• In the 2NF, relational must be in 1NF.

• In the second normal form, all non-key attributes are fully functional dependent
on the primary key

• Example: Let's assume, a school can store the data of teachers and the subjects
they teach. In a school, a teacher can teach more than one subject.

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 TEACHER table

• TEACHER_ID
Attribute: Each column inSUBJECT
a Table. Attributes are the TEACHER_AGE
properties which define a
relation. e.g., Student_Rollno,
25 NAME,etc.
Chemistry 30
•25
Tables – In the Relational Biology
model the, relations are saved
30 in the table format. It is
stored along with its entities. A table has two properties rows and columns. Rows
47 English 35
represent records and columns represent attributes.
83 Math 38
• Tuple – It is nothing but a single row of a table, which contains a single record.
83 Computer 38

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 Relational Model Concepts

• To convert the given table into 2NF, we decompose it into two tables:

• TEACHER_DETAIL table:
TEACHER_ID TEACHER_AGE

25 30

47 35

83 38

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 TEACHER_SUBJECT table:

TEACHER_ID SUBJECT

25 Chemistry

25 Biology

47 English

83 Math

83 Computer

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 Third Normal Form (3NF)
• A relation will be in 3NF if it is in 2NF and not contain any transitive partial
dependency.
• 3NF is used to reduce the data duplication. It is also used to achieve the data
integrity.
• If there is no transitive dependency for non-prime attributes, then the relation
must be in third normal form.
• A relation is in third normal form if it holds atleast one of the following conditions
for every non-trivial function dependency X → Y.
1.X is a super key.
2.Y is a prime attribute, i.e., each element of Y is part of some candidate key.

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 Example:
Employee_detail table:
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_ZIP EMP_STATE EMP_CITY

222 Harry 201010 UP Noida

333 Stephan 02228 US Boston

444 Lan 60007 US Chicago

555 Katharine 06389 UK Norwich

666 John 462007 MP Bhopal

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 Employee_detail table:
• Super key in the table :

{EMP_ID}, {EMP_ID, EMP_NAME}, {EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMP_ZIP}....so o

n
• Candidate key: {EMP_ID}
• Non-prime attributes: In the given table, all attributes except EMP_ID are non-
prime.
• Here, EMP_STATE & EMP_CITY dependent on EMP_ZIP and EMP_ZIP
dependent on EMP_ID. The non-prime attributes (EMP_STATE, EMP_CITY)
transitively dependent on super key(EMP_ID). It violates the rule of third normal
form.

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 EMPLOYEE table:
•EMP_ID
Isolation EMP_NAME EMP_ZIP
• This property ensures that multiple transactions can occur concurrently without
leading to the inconsistencyHarry
222 of database state. 201010
• Transactions occur independently without interference.
333 Stephantransaction will not
• Changes occurring in a particular 02228
be visible to any other
transaction until that particular change in that transaction is written to memory or
444
has been committed. Lan 60007
• This property ensures that the execution of transactions concurrently will result in
555
a state that is equivalent toKatharine
a state achieved these were06389
executed serially in some
order.
666 John 462007

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THANK YOU

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