ALGEBRA
BY A L D E N A L
7.3
HISTORY
Algebra originated in ancient Babylon and Egypt with basic
arithmetic. In the 9th century, Persian mathematician al-
Khwarizmi formalized algebra, introducing methods for solving
linear and quadratic equations. In the 16th century, René
Descartes advanced symbolic algebra by using letters to
represent numbers. By the 19th century, algebra became more
abstract with the development of group theory and other
algebraic structures by mathematicians like Évariste Galois.
Today, algebra is essential in fields like computer science,
cryptography, physics, and economics, and involves the study of
complex structures like groups, rings, and vector spaces.
4o mini
FIGURE OF
ALGEBRA
Al-Khwarizm René Descartes Évariste Galois
(780–850) (1596–1650) (1811–1832)
Persian mathematician who is French philosopher who introduced Évariste Galois (1811–1832) – French
considered the "father of algebra" and using symbols (like x and y) to mathematician who developed group
introduced methods for solving represent unknowns, which became theory and Galois theory, laying the
equations. The term "algebra" comes standard in algebra. foundation for modern abstract
from his work. algebra.
OPERATION OF
ALGEBRA
. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
• Combine like terms: Terms that have the same variable (e.g.,
3x+2x=5x3x + 2x = 5x3x+2x=5x).
• Distribute: Multiply a number outside the parentheses by each term
inside the parentheses (e.g., 2(x+3)=2x+62(x + 3) = 2x +
62(x+3)=2x+6).
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions
Combine like terms by adding or subtracting their coefficients. Example:
(2x+5)+(3x−2)=5x+3(2x + 5) + (3x - 2) = 5x + 3(2x+5)+(3x−2)=5x+3
For subtraction, distribute the negative sign and combine like terms.
Example:
(5x+3)−(2x−4)=5x+3−2x+4=3x+7(5x + 3) - (2x - 4) = 5x + 3 - 2x + 4 = 3x +
7(5x+3)−(2x−4)=5x+3−2x+4=3x+7
COMBINE AND
1.Combine Like Terms:
SUBTRACTION
When adding algebraic expressions, only like terms can be added together. Like terms have the same variable raised to the
same power.
• Like terms are terms that have the same variable and exponent.
⚬ Example:
⚬ 3x+5x=8x3x + 5x = 8x3x+5x=8x
⚬ (Both terms have the same variable xxx, so you add the coefficients: 3+5=83 + 5 = 83+5=8).
• Constants (numbers without variables) can also be added together.
• Example:
• 7+3=107 + 3 = 107+3=10
2. Subtracting Like Terms:
When subtracting algebraic expressions, only like terms (terms with the same variable and exponent) can be
subtracted.
Like terms have the same variable and exponent.
Example:
5x−2x=3x5x - 2x = 3x5x−2x=3x
(Both terms have the same variable xxx, so subtract the coefficients: 5−2=35 - 2 = 35−2=3).
Constants (numbers without variables) can also be subtracted. Example:
7−3=47 - 3 = 47−3=4
MULTIPLE AND
DIVISION Multiplying Monomials:
• Multiply the coefficients (numbers in front of variables).
• Add exponents of like variables.
• Example:
• 3x×4x=12x23x \times 4x = 12x^23x×4x=12x2
Dividing Monomials
To divide monomials, divide the coefficients (numbers) and subtract the exponents of
like variables.
Example 1:
6x23x=2x\frac{6x^2}{3x} = 2x3x6x2=2x
Divide the coefficients: 63=2\frac{6}{3} = 236=2.
Subtract the exponents of xxx: x2÷x=x2−1=x1=xx^2 \div x = x^{2-1} = x^1 =
xx2÷x=x2−1=x1=x.
Result: 2x2x2x.
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