MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
 REPORTERS
CONSIGNA, DAISY ROSE
LAO SINGUAN, JAY ANN
LAURAS, GEROM
PLATIL, MARIE JEA
ESPIN, CRISHELLE
 TOPICS
⮚ IT versus ICT
⮚ Evolution of Technology
⮚ History of Computer
⮚ Components of Computer
⮚ Why Computers are powerful
⮚ Classifying computer
⮚ Digital age, Information age and
computer Age
⮚ Media in the Digital Age
⮚ Evolution of media
⮚ Overview of Current Trends
⮚ Impact of ICT on Individuals,
Organizations and society
⮚ Ethical issues in ICT
INTRODUCTI
ON
The concept of technology has evolved
throughout the years. The term technology
presently includes advancements in
communication and how information is
handled, thus, enabling governments,
organizations, industries and ordinary
individuals to improve on their decision-
making, business processes, and everyday
living.
INTRODUCTI
ON
Zuppo (2012) defined ICT or
Information and communication
Technology as “related to technologies
that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of
electronically mediated
communication.”
 According to Baumeister and Leary (1995),
the “belongingness hypothesis” states that
people have a basic psychological need to
feel closely connected to others, and that
caring, affectionate bonds from close
relationships are a major part of human
behavior.
OBJECTIVE
S
At the end of this module, the students should
be able to:
Define ICT;

Trace the evolution of technology, particularly

computers;
Identify the different parts of the
computer system, and categorize the
different computer peripheral;
Assess why computers are
considered powerful thinking
machines; and
Explain the role of technology in
media and how it affects
communication.
01. IT vs. ICT
When are we going to use the term ICT and how
does it
differ
So, from IT?
Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) is more often used in
general sense, and is described as
using computers and other digital
technologies to assist individuals or
institutions in handling or using
information.
ICT involves: information gathering,
processing, storing and presenting
data. It also involves collaboration and
communication.
 Information Technology (IT)
on the other hand is involved with
computers, software, networking,
and other IT infrastructure to help
relay or manage information
important in modern-day living as
seen primarily in large companies
or corporations.
Breakdown of ICT 1. INFORMATION
refers to the knowledge obtain from
reading, investigation, study, or research.
In terms of data, information is regarded as
processed data. Processed information is
called knowledge. Knowledge
helps fulfill daily task.

2.
is an actCOMMUNICATION
of transmitting messages. It is a
process in which information is exchanged
between individuals through verbal and non-
verbal means. With technology,
communication is faster, more convenient and
more efficient.
Breakdown of ICT

3. TECHNOLOGY
has made communication much
easier and faster through
telephones, fax machines, mobile
devices, and the internet.
 02.
EVOLUTION OF
TECHNOLOGY
 The evolution of technology has always
depended on one thing: the human
15%

rationale. Human tends to think of ways on

20%
60%

how to discharge task or workload, or daily

activities easily. The concept of technology
always starts with the basic tool.
 COMPUTER

an electronic device, operating under the

control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can accept data, manipulate
the data according to specified rules,
produce results and store the results for
future use. Most machines, including
computers, have evolved through the
process of automation.
AUTOMATION

is defined as “the technique of making

an apparatus, a process, or a system
operate automatically.”
 • 02
• TRANSISTORS
• 03
• IC
• 04
• LVSI
• 05
• ULSI

03. HISTORY
OF COMPUTER
 Computers have evolved based on the type of
components used in the design. At present, scientists
and researchers have identified five generations
based on design, suitability and reliability. These
generations of computer will be defined below
( Pepito, 2002).
 01. ENIAC ( 1946-
1959)
The first electronic computer was developed
in 1946, designed by J. Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchly from the University of
Pennsylvania and financed by the United
States Army, the Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).
ENIAC was a modular
computer, composed of
several panels capable of
performing different
functions.
02. TRANSISTORS (1959-
1965)
In this second generation, the
transistor was used as the interior
section of the computer. Transistors
were much smaller, faster and more
dependable then the vacuum tubes
of the first-generation computer.
They generated less heat and
consumed less electricity but were
still very costly.
03. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (1965-
1971)
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the
Integrated circuit (IC) that was
used instead of transistors as the
interior sections to build the
computer. A single IC has many
transistors, resistors and
capacitors that even the full
circuit board of a transistor can
be replaced entirely with one
chip.
 04. LVSI (1971-
Very large
1980)
scale
integrated (LVSI)
circuits were used to build
computers. These circuits
have about 5,000
transistors and other
circuit elements with their
connected circuits on a
single chip known as the
microprocessor.
 05. ULSI (1980-
onwards)
In this fifth generation, the VLSI
technology has evolved into
what is called Ultra-large-
scale integration (ULSI)
technology, with the
manufacture of microprocessor
chips having 10 million
electronic components.
 CO 04.
MP
OF ON
CO ENT
MP S
UTE
R
 e l e c t r o n ic
t e r i s a n
Compu an i p u l a t e s
e t h a t m a s
d e vi c r d a ta a n d h
o n o
informati r e , re t r i e v e a nd
o s t o t h
ab i l i t y t . I t c o nt a i n s b o
c e s s d a t a nd
p r o n e n t s a
a r e c o m po
ha r dw l i c a t i o n .
w a r e a p p
so f t
 THE 3 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF
THE COMPUTER
1. SYSTEM UNIT
acts like the center or core,
processing the data
and information it receives
from input devices. 2. INPUT DEVICES
An input device is any
3. OUTPUT DEVICES hardware device that
these are the devices like sends data to a computer,
printers. It receives allowing you to interact
the system unit's with and
processed information. control the computer.
SYSTEM UNIT
The following list represents a basic set of devices found in most
Personal Computers.

✔ System Case/System Unit

✔ Motherboard
✔ Central Processing Unit (CPU)
✔ Primary Storage/Random Access Memory
(RAM

✔Power Supply (PSU)

✔Hard Disk Drive
✔Optical drive
✔Expansion Bus/Slot
SYSTEM UNIT
 1. System Case/System Unit

The main part of a microcomputer.

It includes the following parts: Motherboard,
Microprocessor, Memory Chips, Buses, Ports,
Expansion Slots and Cards. A computer case also
known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit,
cabinet, base unit or simply case and sometimes
incorrectly referred to as the "CPU" or "hard drive",
is the enclosure that contains most of the
components of a computer.
 TWO TYPES OF
COMPUTER SYSTEM

DESKTOP(Standard,Slimline)
TOWER (Full, Mid, Mini) – designed to sit horizontally
– designed to sit vertically
 2. Motherboard / Mainboard / System
Board
The main circuit board of a
computer.
It contains all the circuits and
components that run the
computer. A printed circuit board
containing the principal
components of a computer or
other device, with connectors
into which other circuit boards
can be slotted.
It holds and allows
communication between many of
65%components
the crucial electronic
of a system such as the central
processing unit (CPU) and
memory, and provides
connectors for other peripherals.
03. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The processor is the main “brain” or
“heart” of a computer system. It
performs all of the instructions and
calculations that are needed and
manages the flow of information through
a computer.
A CPU is the electronic circuitry
within a computer that carries out
the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic
arithmetic, logical, control and
input/output (I/O) operations
specified by the instructions.
 4. Primary Storage

( internal storage, main memory or memory) is the

computer's working storage space that holds data,
instructions for processing and processed
data (information) waiting to be sent to secondary
storage. Physically, primary storage is a collection of
RAM chips.
 Two (2) Types of Memory

a. ROM – (Read Only b. RAM – (Random Access

Memory) ROM is non- Memory) RAM is volatile,
volatile, meaning it holds meaning it holds data only
data even when the power when the power is on. When
is ON or OFF. the power is off, RAM's
contents are lost.

RAM is the physical hardware

inside a computer that
temporarily stores data,
serving as the computer's
"working" memory.
 5. Power Supply Unit (PSU)
Installed in the back corner of
the PC case, next to the
motherboard. It converts 120vac
(standard house power) into DC
voltages that are used by other
components in the PC.

A power supply is an electronic

device that supplies electric
energy to an electrical load.
 6. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

The hard disk drive

Also known as hard is the main, and
drive, is a magnetic usually largest data
storage device that is storage
installed inside the hardware device in a
computer. The hard computer. The
drive is used as operating system,
permanent storage software titles, and
for data. most other files are
stored in the hard
disk drive.
 7. Optical
Drive
An Optical Drive is a storage device
that uses lasers to read data on the
optical media. There are three types
of optical drives: Compact Disc (CD),
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-
ray Disc (BD).
CD-ROM Drive - A CD-ROM is a pre-
pressed optical compact disc which
contains data. The name is an acronym
which stands for "Compact Disc Read-
Only Memory". Computers can read
CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-
ROMs which are not writable or
erasable. CD –
Compact Disk, DVD – Digital Versatile
Disk
 8. EXPANSION BUS/
SLOT

A bus is a data pathway between

several hardware components
inside or outside a computer. It
does not only connect the parts of
the CPU to each other, but also
links the CPU with other important
hardware.
The expansion slot (also
expansion board, adapter card
or accessory card) in
computing is a printed circuit
board that can be inserted
into an electrical connector, or
expansion slot on a computer
motherboard, backplane or
riser card to add functionality
to a computer system via the
expansion bus. This is where
you install the video card,
sound card or LAN card.
Input Device is
composed of a device
that accepts data and
instructions from the
user or from another
computer system.

INPUT DEVICE
 TWO TYPES OF
INPUT DEVICE

1 KEYBOARD
ENTRY
DIRECT
ENTRY 2
 KEYBOARD ENTRY

Keyboard Entry - Data is

inputted to the computer
through a keyboard.

Keyboard - The first input device

developed for the PC. Data is
transferred to the PC over a short
cable with a circular 6-pin Mini-din
connector that plugs into the back
of the motherboard.
 DIRECT ENTRY

A form of input that does not require data to

be keyed by someone sitting at a keyboard.
Direct-entry devices create machine-
readable data on paper, or magnetic media,
or feed it directly into the computer’s CPU.
1. Mouse - The most common 'pointing device' used in PCs.
Every mouse has two buttons and most have one or two
scroll wheels.
 Mouse

Three (3)
Categories Scannin
g
of Direct Devices
Entry
Devices 01 03
Voice-
Text Here Text Here
Easy to change
Input Easy to change
colors. Devices colors.
⮚Mechanical mouse - Houses a hard rubber ball
that rolls as the mouse is moved. Sensors inside
the mouse body detect the movement and
translate it into information that the computer
interprets.

⮚Optical mouse - Uses an LED sensor to detect

tabletop movement and then sends off that
information to the computer for merry munching.

⮚Infrared (IR) or radio frequency cordless

mouse - With both these types, the mouse relays
a signal to a base station wired to the computer’s
mouse port. The cordless mouse requires power,
⮚Trackball mouse - Like an upside-down
mouse. Rather than roll the mouse around,
you use your thumb or index finger to roll a
ball on top of the mouse. The whole
contraption stays stationary, so it doesn’t
need a lot of room, and its cord never gets
tangled.

⮚Stylus mouse - Another mouse mutation

enjoyed by the artistic type is the stylus
mouse, which looks like a pen and draws on a
special pad.

⮚Cordless 3-D mouse - This kind of mouse

can be pointed at the computer screen like a
⮚Touch screen - A display screen that is sensitive to
the touch of a finger or stylus. Used in myriad
applications, including ATM machines, retail point-of-
sale terminals,
car navigation and industrial controls.
⮚Light Pen - A light-sensitive stylus wired to a video
terminal used to draw pictures or select menu
options.

⮚Digitizer Tablet - A graphics drawing tablet

used for sketching new images or tracing old
ones. Also called a "graphics tablet“.
2. Scanning Devices - A device that can read text or
illustrations printed on paper and translates the information
into a form the computer can use.

▪ Image Scanner - it is an input device that read

text or illustration printed on paper, translates the
information into a form that a computer can use.

▪Barcode Reader - is an optical scanner that

can read printed barcodes, decode the data
contained in the barcode and send the data to
a computer.
3. Voice-Input Devices - Audio input devices also known
as
speech or voice recognition systems that allow a user to
send
audio signals to a computer for processing, recording, or
carrying out commands.
✔Computer Microphone - is a device that
captures audio by converting sound
waves into an electrical signal.
Output device is any
piece of computer
hardware that displays
results after the
computer has
processed the
input data that has
been entered.

OUTPUT DEVICE
1. Computer Display Monitor- It displays information in visual
form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that
displays the information is called the screen or video display
terminal.
Types of
Monitor
 Types of
Monitor
a. CRT Monitors - Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) were the only type of
displays for use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16"
deep) and heavy (over 15 lbs).

b. LCD Monitors – Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been

used in laptops for some time. It has recently been made
commercially available as monitors for desktop PCs.

c. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode) - A display and lighting

technology used in almost every electrical and electronic product on
the market, from a tiny on/off light to digital readouts, flashlights,
traffic lights and perimeter lighting
2. LCD Projectors- utilize two sheets of polarizing material
with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electric
current passed through the liquid causes the crystals to align
so that light cannot pass through them. Each crystal,
therefore, is like a shutter, either allowing light to pass
through or blocking the light.
3. Smart Board - A type of display screen that has a touch sensitive
transparent panel covering the screen, which is similar to a touch
screen.
4. Printer - A device that prints text or illustrations on
paper.
Types of Printer
a. Ink-Jet or Bubble-Jet Printer - spays ink at a sheet of paper. Ink-jet
printers produce high-quality text and graphics.

b) Laser Printer - Uses the same technology as copy machines. Laser

printers produce very high quality text and graphics.

c) LCD and LED Printer- Similar to a laser printer, but uses liquid crystals
or light-emitting diodes rather than a laser to produce an image on the
drum.

d) Line Printer - Contains a chain of characters or pins that print an entire

line at one time. Line printers are very fast, but produce low-quality print.

(e) Thermal Printer- An inexpensive printer that works by pushing

heated pins against heat-sensitive paper. Thermal printers are widely used
in calculators and fax machines.
5. Speakers - Used to play sound. They may be built into the
system unit or connected with cables. Speakers allow you to
listen to music and hear sound effects from your computer.

6. Headphone - traditionally refer to a pair of small

loudspeaker drivers worn on or around the head over a user's
ears.
Aside from the devices
attached on a PC, there are
also the so called storage
devices that perform a
special task in computing
system. Storage device is
any apparatus for
recording computer data in
a permanent or semi-
permanent form.

STORAGE
DEVICE
 Types of Storage
Devices
✔Floppy diskette- is a random access, removable data
storage medium that can be used with personal computers.
Also called a "3.5-inch diskette," it can store up to 1.44
megabytes (MB) of data.

✔Compact disc (CD) – also called optical disc

is a nonmagnetic, polished metal disk used to
store digital information. The disc is read by
the CDROM.
✔Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)- an optical disc
technology with a 4.7 gigabyte storage capacity
on a singlesided, one-layered disk, which is
enough for a 133-minute movie.

✔Hard disk- is the main, and usually largest,

data storage device in a computer. The
operating system, software titles and most other
files are stored in the hard disk drive.
✔LS-120- is a drive which supports a special
floppy diskette which can store up to 120MB of
information as well as being backwards
compatible and still supporting the standard
1.44MB floppy diskettes.

✔Zip disk-is a small, portable disk drive used

primarily for backing up and archiving personal
computer files.
05. WHY DO
COMPUTERS
ARE
POWERFUL?
 WHY DO Computers are powerful for a variety of
COMPUTE reasons. They work with remarkable speed,
RS ARE reliability, consistency, accuracy and
POWERFU
L?
communication. Computers can store large
amounts of data and information.
Also, computers allow users to communicate
with other users or computers. A user is
anyone who communicates and interacts
with a computer or makes use of the
information it generates.
 06.
CLASSIFYING
COMPUTERS
Computers can be classified based on size
and computing power. However, as
technology advances, these classifications
tend to overlap as modern computer have
become smaller, yet more powerful and
relatively cheaper.
The following are the general classification of
computers:
 Personal computer - small, single-
user computer based on a
microprocessor

Workstation - just like PC but has more powerful

microprocessor and a higherquality monitor.

Minicomputer- a multi-user
computer capable of supporting 10
to hundreds of users simultaneously.
Mainframe- a multi-user computer capable of
supporting hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously.

Supercomputer- an extremely fast computer that

can perform millions of instructions per second.

Desktop computers - computers designed

to be placed on a desk.
Laptop computers - battery-powered
computer devices whose portability
makes them possible to use almost anytime,
anywhere.

Tablet computers - hand-held

computers with touch-sensitive
screen for typing and navigation.
 Smartphones - hand-held telephones which
can do things that computers can do,
including browsing and searching the
internet and even playing console games.

Wearable - include fitness trackers and

smart watches that can be worn throughout
the day.

Smart TVs - are the latest TV sets

that include applications present
in the computers.
 L A G E ,
I GI TA
07. D A T I O N
IN F O R M
A N D
AG E G E
U T E R A
COM P
It is a period in human history characterized by the shift
from traditional industry to information technology-based
economy brought by industrialization during the Industrial
Revolution.
The definition of what digital means (or what
information means) continues to change over time as
new technologies, user devices and methods of
interaction with other people and devices enter the
domain of research, development and market launch.

This period is also characterized by the digital

industry creating a knowledge-based society
surrounded
by a high-tech global economy that exerts its
influence on how the manufacturing process and
service sector
work in an efficient and convenient way.
 E DI A I N
0 8 . M D
W O R L
I TA L
DIG
Media normally refers to the means of communication that
uses unique tools to interconnect among people. The forms of
media include television, radio, cellular phones and internet
(includes social media sites). In the digital age, however,
media can be considered as the message, the medium and
the messenger.
 The The
Message Medium
media is considered to refers to the tool or
be the message itself tools used in sending a
for those who create message from
and own the rights of thesource to the
content. Example is destination.
blog. Examples of medium
The are delivering news on
Messenger TV or radio.
is the one who delivers the message. This is
why broadcasters for example being the
messenger of news are called “media.”
 LU T I ON
E VO
09. DI A
OF M E
The media has transformed itself based on two things;

(1) How (2) How the

informatio connection
n is is
presented; established.
In the 1800s, the telegraph was developed followed by the
telephone which made the two-way communication possible.
At the beginning of the 1900s, broadcasting and recorded
media were introduced.

Radio and television were used to send sound and video to

homes and offices through electromagnetic spectrum or radio
waves.

In line with this development, the audience regardless of their

professions can now interact with one another and are no
longer disconnected. News sites can even get news stories for
example from twitter or other social media sites.
 I E W OF
OV E RV
1 0 . T
RE N
CU R
E ND S
TR
WHAT IS
TREND?
A trend refers to something hip or popular at a
certain point in time. It can be a particular style in
fashion, devices or entertainment. A new trend may
always come along to replace the old one.

Technology trends tend to change as time goes

by. Following Moore’s law, technology is bound
to upgrade itself every two years.

In an article from Forbes.com, DeMers

(2016) identified seven major trends in
2017
 SEVEN MAJOR TRENDS IN
2017
DEMERS (2016)
1 Lot and smart home technology - the
vision of Iot has evolved due to the
convergence of multiple technologies,
including pervasive wireless communication,
data analytics,
machine learning, and use of hardware
technology such as sensors,
microprocessors and microcontrollers.
2
Augmented reality and virtual
reality - in 2016, the release of games
such as Pokemon Go and the
anticipated VR headset, Oculus Rift,
served as turning point for AR and VR
technology
3 Machine learning - also called artificial
intelligence, having machines decide for you
seem to be a daunting task and would probably
make you think of robots and talking computers,
similar to Iron man’s Jarvis.

4
Automation - through advance technology, it
is now possible to automate previously
human-exclusive tasks. This is very much
evident through wearable devices such as
step counters and heart rate monitors used by
health-conscious individuals.
5 Big data - is a term that describes
large and complex volumes of data.
Waze is an example of an app
which uses big data.

6
Physical-digital integration -
majority of organization nowadays are
moving towards system automation.
The concept of having a “paperless
company” in which transactions, reports
and services are done using automated
systems is one such example.
7 Everything in demand - due to the prevalence of
network connectivity, it is possible to have
information on demand. Music, movies, and even
drivers are made available through the apps in
smartphone.
 A C T O F
11 . I M P
IC T O N
U A L S ,
I V I D
IN D T I O N S
N I Z A
ORGA C I E T Y
AN D S O
ICT brings both positive and negative effects to
individuals, organizations and society. It improves
education, access to information, and security.
However, it limits personal interaction and physical
activity and poses problems in employment and
security.

POSITIVE NEGATIVE
•POSITIVE
• Improved access to education
• Access to information and communication
• Security
•NEGATIVE
• Reduced personal interaction and physical activity
• Job loss or increase in unemployment
• Security especially a threat to security
 T H I C A L
1 2 . E
I N I C T
ISS U E S
1. Plagiarism - it is an act of theft in which a person copies
another person’s ideas, words, or writings, etc.
and pass them off as his or her own.

2. Exploitation - it is an action in which one deals with a person

dishonestly, unethically and dishonorably,
in order to take advantage of the latter’s works and or resources.

3. Libel - it can either be an insult, slur or slander. Software

Piracy refers to an act of installing or copying
software into the computer in the absence of an end-user
licensing agreement (EULA), and/or producing
a copy disregarding the copyrights.
THANK YOU