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ch02

Chapter 2 discusses network models, focusing on the OSI model and its seven layers, which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also compares the OSI model with the TCP/IP protocol suite, highlighting the differences in their layer structures and addressing methods. Additionally, the chapter explains the types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.

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15 views

ch02

Chapter 2 discusses network models, focusing on the OSI model and its seven layers, which include the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also compares the OSI model with the TCP/IP protocol suite, highlighting the differences in their layer structures and addressing methods. Additionally, the chapter explains the types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.

Uploaded by

manarkurdy111
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 42

Chapter 2

Network Models

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an


example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:


Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:


Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.4
Note

ISO is the organization.


OSI is the model.

2.5
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.6
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

• Peer-To-Peer Interaction
• Interfaces Between Layers
• Organization of Layers
• Encapsulation

2.7
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.8
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each


layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.9
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
• Physical Characteristics of the Medium and Interface
• Representation of Bits
• Data Rate
• Synchronization
• Transmission Mode

2.10
Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of


individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.11
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

• Framing
• Physical Addressing
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• Access Control

2.12
Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving


frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.13
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.14
Figure 2.8 Network layer

• Logical Addressing
• Routing

2.15
Note

The network layer is responsible for the


delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.16
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.17
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

• Service Point Addressing (Port address)


• Segmentation and Reassembly
• Connection Control
• End-to-End Flow Control
• End-to-End Error Control

2.18
Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery


of a message from one process to another.

2.19
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.20
Figure 2.12 Session layer

• End-to-End Dialog Control


• End-to-End Synchronization

2.21
Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog


control and synchronization.

2.22
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression

2.23
Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,


compression, and encryption.

2.24
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.25
Note

The application layer is responsible for


providing services to the user.

2.26
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.27
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly


match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.28
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.29
2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing


the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.30
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.31
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.32
Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a


frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

2.33
Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.34
Example 2.2

As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks


use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.35
Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers


connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.36
Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.37
Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the


Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.38
Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.39
Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,


but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.40
Example 2.5

As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit


address represented by one decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented


as one single number.

2.41
Note

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,


but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

2.42

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