Scribd
Upload
12 views34 pages

Thermodynamics concepts (1)

Thermodynamics is the science of energy, focusing on its ability to cause changes and its conversion from heat to power. It applies to various fields, including energy technology, steam and nuclear power plants, and refrigeration systems. The document discusses fundamental concepts such as system types (closed, open, isolated), forms of energy, state and equilibrium, properties, and the dimensions and units used in thermodynamics.

Uploaded by

Caleb fikadu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views34 pages

Thermodynamics concepts (1)

Thermodynamics is the science of energy, focusing on its ability to cause changes and its conversion from heat to power. It applies to various fields, including energy technology, steam and nuclear power plants, and refrigeration systems. The document discusses fundamental concepts such as system types (closed, open, isolated), forms of energy, state and equilibrium, properties, and the dimensions and units used in thermodynamics.

Uploaded by

Caleb fikadu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

THERMODYNAMICS I

1
CHAPTER
Fundamental Concepts
and Definitions

By: D.T
What is thermodynamics?
 Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of
energy.
 Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.
 The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words
therme (heat) and dynamis (power), which is most
descriptive of the early efforts to convert heat into
power.
Application areas of thermodynamics
 all fields of energy technology
 notably in steam and nuclear power plants, internal combustion
engines
 gas turbines
 air conditioning
 Refrigeration
 gas dynamics
 jet propulsion
 compressors
 chemical process plants and
 direct energy conversion devices.
Thermodynamics approaches
Macroscopic approach Microscopic approach
(classical) (statistical)

• certain quantity of matter is • which is concerned directly


considered without taking with the structure of the
into account the events matter at molecular level
occurring at molecular level. • The behavior of the system is
• The analysis requires simple found by using statistical
mathematical formulae. methods.
• In order to describe a system • Large numbers of variables are
only a few properties are needed to describe a system.
needed.
Closed, Open and Isolated System
• In thermodynamics system (simply system) is defined as a
quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study.
• The region outside the system is called the surroundings.
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings is called the boundary.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed or open,
depending on whether a fixed mass or a fixed volume in
space is chosen for study.
•
Closed System
Also called non-flow system.
• Consists of a fixed amount of mass and no mass may
cross the system.
• The closed system boundary may move.
• Energy in the form of heat and work can cross the
boundaries of a closed system.
Example
• Sealed tanks
• Piston cylinder device
• Refrigeration system
Open System
• Also called flow system.
• Mass as well as energy crossing the boundary.
• It is called a control surface because both mass and
energy can across the boundary of a control volume.
•
Example
Pumps
• Compressor
• Heat exchanger
• Engines
Isolated System
• A general system of fixed mass where no heat or work
may cross the boundary.
• A closed system with no energy crossing the boundaries
and is normally a collection of a main system and its
surrounding that are exchanging mass and energy
among themselves. Surr
Surr Heat
Mass
Isolated
System
System
Surr Heat Mass
Surr
Forms of Energy
Energy can exist in numerous forms:-
 Thermal
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Kinetic
 Potential
 Chemical
 Magnetic
 Nuclear etc
The sum these energy is total energy (E)
State, Equilibrium, Process and
Properties
State
• Condition of the system at an instant of time as
described or measured by its properties.
• Consider a system not undergoing any change. The
properties can be measured or calculated throughout
the entire system. This gives us a set of properties
that completely describes the condition of a state.
• At a given state, all the properties are known;
changing one property changes the state.
Equilibrium
• The word equilibrium implies a state of balance.
• A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium
if it maintains thermal (uniform temperature),
mechanical (uniform pressure), phase (the mass of
two phases, e.g ice and liquid water, in equilibrium)
and chemical equilibrium.

Before After
con’t
Quasi-equilibrium process (ideal process)
• The system is very near to equilibrium in all successive states
during the process.
Non-equilibrium process
• The system is not in equilibrium during the process. States during
the process are undefined
• We can only define the initial and final states
Process
• When any of the properties of a system change, the
state changes and the system is said to have undergone
a process.
• A process is a transformation from one state to another.
P
State 2

Process path

State 1

System
• In most of the process that we will study, one
thermodynamic properties is held constant.
• Some of the process are:
Process Property held constant
Isobaric
Isothermal
Isochoric
Isentropic
Cycle
• Series of process in which the initial state of the first
process is identical to the final state of the last
process.
P Process A
2

Process B
1

V
•
Property
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
• Some familiar properties are pressure (P), temperature (T), volume (V), and mass (m).
• There are two types of property; intensive or extensive
• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the size of a system.
» Temperature,
» Pressure
» Age
» Color
» density
• Extensive properties are those that are depend on the size of the system.
» Mass
» Volume
» Total energy
The state postulate
• The state of a simple compressible system is completely
specified by 2 independent intensive properties
Dimensions and Units
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by
dimensions.
• The arbitrary magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are
called units.
• In engineering thermodynamics, basically, there are four
dimensions. (primary dimension)
• Mass, Length, Time and Temperature
• The others are simply derived from primary units.
Specific Volume, Pressure and
Temperature
Specific Volume
• The volume occupied by a unit mass of a substance,
and it is designated by n.
Volume V 1
v  (m / kg ) 
3

mass m 
 Specific density /gravity
 The density of substance divided by the density

of water. 
s  ,  H O 1000kg / m3
H O
2
2
Pressure
• Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid
per unit area.
Force F N
P   2 Pascal Pa
Area A m
Manometer
• Measure small and moderate pressure differences.
• Manometer mainly consists of a glass or plastic U-tube
containing one or more fluids such as mercury, water,
alcohol, or oil.
 Pressure is the same in

the horizontal direction


for a fluid at rest
Temperature
• It is considered as a thermodynamic property that is the
measure of the energy content of a mass.
• When heat energy is transferred to a body, the body's energy
content increases and so does its temperature.
• Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when they have
reached the same temperature.
• If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body,
they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This
simple fact is known as the zeroth law of thermodynamics.
The Zero law of thermodynamics
Temperature: Degree of hotness of coldness

0th law of thermodynamics


When 2 bodies have equality of temperature with a 3rd body, then they have
equality of temperature with each other.

TA TB

TC

if TA TC & TB TC


then TA TB
Examples
1. A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a
tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85,
and the manometer column height is 55 cm, as
shown in Fig. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96
kPa, determine the absolute pressure within the
tank.
2.The piston of a vertical piston–cylinder device
containing a gas has a mass of 60 kg and a cross-
sectional area of 0.04 m2, as shown in Fig. The local
atmospheric pressure is 0.97 bar, and the
gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/s2.
(a) Determine the pressure inside the cylinder.
(b) If some heat is transferred to the gas and its
volume is doubled, do you expect the pressure inside
the cylinder to change?
3.A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston–
cylinder device. The piston has a mass of 4 kg and a
cross-sectional area of 35 cm2. A compressed spring
above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston.
If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the
pressure inside the cylinder.

You might also like