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Kinematics - chhs

The document covers fundamental concepts in kinematics, including vector and scalar quantities, distance vs. displacement, speed vs. velocity, and acceleration. It also discusses uniform motion, instantaneous vs. average velocity, and vector addition in one and two dimensions. Additionally, it introduces equations of motion for predicting object movement and provides examples and problems for practice.

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26 views23 pages

Kinematics - chhs

The document covers fundamental concepts in kinematics, including vector and scalar quantities, distance vs. displacement, speed vs. velocity, and acceleration. It also discusses uniform motion, instantaneous vs. average velocity, and vector addition in one and two dimensions. Additionally, it introduces equations of motion for predicting object movement and provides examples and problems for practice.

Uploaded by

fk82987
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Year 11 Physics

Kinematics
Vector and Scalar Quantities
Scalar Quantities – quantities that contain only a magnitude and a unit.
Vector Quantities – quantities that describe the magnitude, unit AND
direction.
Sort the following: displacement, distance, speed, velocity, force,
acceleration, time, length, mass
Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities
Vector Conventions
For vector problems in one dimension there are only two directions
which must be on the same line. (same dimension)
Distance and Displacement
Distance – is a measure of how far a object has moved (cm, m, km). It is
a scalar quantity which means no direction is required.
Displacement – is a measure of how far an object is from its starting
position (cm, m, km), including the direction the object now rests from
the starting position (to the left, south, North 25o East). This makes it a
vector quantity.

Lets think of some examples to write down.


Speed and Velocity
Speed - is a measure of the change in distance over a given amount of
time.
sav

Velocity – is a measure of the change in displacement of a given


amount of time.
Stacey needs to drop off her keys to her friend at the shops which is 1200m
North down the road. She decide she will run there. Stacey manages to
reach the store in 4 mins. On her way back from the store she only makes it
half way back before needing to stop for a rest. She maintained a constant
speed (same speed for each) throughout both trips.
a) What was Stacey’s average speed and velocity on her way to the shops.
b) How long did Stacey run for on her way back.
c) What is Stacey’s total distance travelled and displacement at the second
stop.
d) What is Stacey’s average speed and velocity at the second stop.

Answers: a) 5m.s-1 , 5m.s-1 North b) 120 sec c) 1800m, 600m d) 5m.s-1, 1.67m.s-1.
Instantaneous Velocity vs Average
Velocity
What is the difference between instantaneous and average velocity?

Think of three examples where the average and instantaneous velocity


would be different?
Uniform Motion
What is uniform motion?
This refers to an object moving at a constant speed, therefore covering
the same distance over a regular time intervals.
Picture a car that is leaking oil every 2 seconds. If its motion is uniform,
the oil should be dropping at evenly spaced points on the road.
Acceleration
Using the same analogy of a car travelling down a road dripping oil,
what do you think the trail on the road would look like for an
accelerating car?

Try drawing the image yourself.


Acceleration
Acceleration is the measure of the change in velocity of object over a
given time interval.

The units for acceleration are m.s-2, which is m.s-1 per second.
Acceleration
Given the definition we just gave form uniform motion, what could
uniform acceleration mean?

If the velocity of an object


is increasing or decreasing
at a constant rate (constant
gradient), then it is said to
have uniform acceleration.

Check the units of the gradient.


Area Under Graphs
In the case of a Velocity vs. Time
graph, finding the area underneath
the curve will give the distance
travelled by the object.
Displacement can also be determined
by subtracting areas below the x-axis
from the total area above the
x-axis.

What is the total displacement for this object?


Answers:

Section Dist Avg Disp Avg Accel


(m) Speed (m) Vel (m/s2)
(m/s) (m/s)
A 16 8 16 N 8N 8N

B 48 16 48 N 16 N 0

C 20 6.67 12 N 4N 8S

D 16 8 16 S 8S 0

E 8 4 8S 4S 4N

b) 16 m.s-1
c) Between t = 2 and t = 5
d) At t = 0, 7 and 12. Instantaneously.
e) (16 + 48 + 20 + 16 + 8)/12 = 9m.s -1
f) (16 + 48 + 12 – (16 + 8))/12 = 4.33 m.s -1 North
Velocity Time Graph Problems
Copy notes from the board and attempt questions on work sheet.
Adding Vectors
When adding vectors using diagrams we ensure that we line up each
arrow head to toe. When we subtract vectors we flip the vector we are
subtracting. For example:
Relative Vectors
When measuring your velocity, it can only ever be measured in
reference to something else.

Always subtract the ‘point of view’ vector.


Find the speed of A relative to B.
Resultant = A - B
Example: A train is heading North at 25ms-1 and is overtaken by another
train travelling at 40ms-1 in the same direction. What is the relative
velocity of the 2nd train from the 1st train's point of view?

Therefore,

40 – 25 = 15 m.s-1 North
Two Dimensional Vector Addition
When working with vectors in two dimensions we begin using
Pythagoras theorem to find the resultant, but still apply the same rules
we just mentioned.

1. Always match up the vectors head to toe


2. Subtract the vector for the perspective we are observing from.
Example: A car travelling 95km/hr west observes a scooter travelling 60
km/hr . What will the diagram look like for this problem from the cars
perspective?

Car

Scooter
Questions:
1. A police car is driving West on the highway travelling at 100km/h
and measures a car coming the opposite direction to be moving at
180km/h. What is the true velocity of the other car?
2. A car travelling 80km/h North sees a bike riding 50km/h West.
What is the relative velocity of the bike as seen from the car?
3. A badger fired from a cannon at 95km/h East, during flight it
observes an airplane flying South at 200km/hr. What is the speed of
the plane relative to the badger.
4. A tank driving at 55km/h East, fires a shell North at 90km/h. What is
the speed of the shell relative to the tank?
Resolving Vectors
Equations of Motion
Equations of motion allow us to make predictions about the movement
of objects. To do this we always need pieces of information which we
can use with an appropriate formula.

So far we have learnt:


Equations of Motion
Other equations of motion that we are going to learn to use are:

In order to use an equation, you must have all pieces of information


except one, the ‘unknown’.

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