An Introduction to

the study of

Litera
ture
Essence and Significance
of Literature
Reporter: Lucky Brylle C. Minoza
Essence and Significance of
Literature
1. Litera comes from the Latin word which
means letter. Deals with ideas, thoughts and
emotions of man. Literature is the story of man
(Kahayon, 1998).
Literature comes from French phrase “belles -
letters” means beautiful writing (Baritugo,2004)
2. Literature in it’s broadest sense, is everything
that has ever been written.
3. The best way to understand human nature
fully and to know a nation completely is to study
literature (Garcia, 1993).
Essence and Significance of
Literature
4. We learn the innermost feelings and thoughts
of people – most real part of themselves, thus we
gain an understanding not only for others, but
more importantly, of ourselves and of itself
(Garcia, 1993).
5. Offers us an experience in which we would
participate as we read and test what we read by
our own experience.
6. Does not yield much unless we bring something
of ourselves to it.
7. Literature is a faithful production of life, it is a
product and commentary on life process.
Essence and Significance of
Literature
8. Literature illuminates life.

9. Literature is our life’s story including its struggle, ideas,

failures, sacrifices and happiness (Ang, 2006).

10. Literature appeals to man’s higher nature and its need

– emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and creative. Like all
other forms of art, literature entertains and gives
pleasure; it fires the imagination and arouses noble
emotions and it enriches man by enabling him to reflect
on life and by filling him with new ideas (Garcia, 1993).
Essence and Significance of
Literature
11. Literature is one of the Seven Arts ( music, dance,
painting, sculpture, theatre, and architecture) literature is
creative product of a creative work, the result of which is
form and beauty (Nuggets, 2004).
12. Why do people read Literature? (Nuggets, 2004)
 For information
 For assesment
 For higher and keeper pleasure
 For cultural upliftment
 For discovery of broader dimension in life.
13. The ability to judge of literature is based on the
application of certain recognizible standards of good
literature.
Great literature is distinguishable of the following
qualities (Garcia, 1993).

 Artistry – quality which appeals to our sense of

beauty.

 Intellectual Value – a literary work

stimulates thought enriches our mental life by
making us realize fundamental truths about life and
human nature.

 Suggestiveness – the quality associated

with the emotional power of literature, it should
move us deeply and stir our creative imagination,
giving and evoking vision above and beyond the
plane of ordinary life and experience.
 Spiritual Value – a good literature elevates the
spirit by bringing out moral values which makes us
better persons – this capacity to inspire is part of
the spiritual value of literature.
 Permanence – a great work of literature endures
and it can be read again and again as each
reading gives fresh delight and new insights and
open new worlds of meaning and experience.
 Universality – great literature is timeless and
timely – forever relevant in terms of its theme and
conditions.
Essence and Significance of
Literature
14. Literary text can be studied in several ways
(Garcia, 1993).

For its thematic value, for entertainment

value, for the richness of its plot, for comparison
with other works, for the ideas it contains, for its
emotional power, for character analysis, as an
appeal to move readers to action, for social
reforms, for its representations of literary
movements and techniques, for the author’s unique
use of language (style) and most importantly for its
reflection of life itself.
Essence and Significance of
Literature
15. All literature falls under 2 main division (Nuggets, 2004).

PROSE POETRY
Form Written in Written in stanza
paragraph form or verse form
Language Expressed in Expressed in
ordinary metrical,
language rhythmical and
figurative
language
Appeal To the intellect To the emotion
Aim To convince, Stir the
inform, instruct, imagination and
imitate and set an ideal of
reflect how life should
Essence and Significance of
Literature
16. Prose

a. Prose drama – consist of dialogues in prose, and

is meant to be acted on stage.

b. Essay – a short literary in composition which is

expository in nature. The author shares some of his
thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observations on some
aspects of life that have interested on him.
Example: Carmen Guerrero Nakpil’s “Where is the Patis?”.
Essence and Significance of
Literature
c. Prose Fiction – something invented, imagines or
feigned to be true.
• Novel – a long fictitious narrative with a complicated
plot. It may have a main plot and one or more sub-plots
that develop with the main plot. Characters and actions
representative of the real life of past or present times are
portrayed in a plot. It is made up of characters.
Example: Without Seeing The Dawn by Stevan Javellana.
Essence and Significance of
Literature
• Short Story - a fictitious narrative compressed into one unit of
time, place and action. It deals with a single character interest, a
single emotion or series of emotions called forth by a single
situation. It is distinguished from the novel by its compression.
Example: Dead Stars by Paz Marquez – Benitez.

d. Biography and Autobiography

 Biography – a story of a certain person’s life written by another
who knows him (the former) well.
Ex: Cayetano Arellano by Socorro O. Alberto

 Autobiography - a written account of man’s life written by

himself.
Ex: A Woman with No Face by Ms. Pilar Pilapil
Essence and Significance of
Literature
e. Letter a written message which displays aspects of
–
an author’s psychological make-up not immediately
apparent in his more public writings. It is a prose from
which by the force of its style and the importance of its
statement becomes an object of interest in its own right.

f. Diary a daily written record or account of the writer’s

–
own experience, thoughts, activities or observations.

g. Journal – a magazine or periodical especially of a

serious or learned nature.
Essence and Significance of Literature
h. Other Prose Forms:

8.1 Historical Prose – a prose from dealing with historical events.

8.2 Scientific Prose – a prose from that deals with the subject science.
8.3 Satrical Prose – a prose form that ridicules the vices and follies of men.
8.4 Current Publications – books, magazines or newspapers that are
commonly known or accepted or in general usage at the time specified or,
if unspecified, at the present time.
8.5 Literary Criticism – the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of
literary works; it does not mean “finding fault with”.
8.6 Book Review – an article dealing with the contents, literary worth, etc.
of a book especially a recently published book.
Essence and Significance of Literature
17. Literary Genres
a. Fiction c. Essay
b. Poetry d. Drama

18. Fiction
a. is an imaginative recreation and re-creation of life.
b. Includes short stories and novels.
c. Short story often reffered to as a “slice of life” is a fictitios
narrative compressed into one unit of time, place and action;
ot deals with a single character interest, single emotion
called forth by a single situation.
Ex: “Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez - Benitez
Essence and Significance of Literature
d.Novel- A fictitious narrative with a complicated plot; it may
have a main plot and one or more sub-plots that develop with
the main plot; characters and actions representative of the real
life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot; it is made up
of characters.
Example: “Dogeaters” by Jessica Hagedorn
 Novel and short story differ from each other only in length and
complexity, the novel is longer because of several
complications and twists to its plot.
 Fiction is a make believe world, the literary characters seem
almost real and the situations are likewise similar to real life
conditions and surroundings,
 More often than not, people see themselves in the characters
or relate them to real life people they know.
Fiction
Reporter : Rocel Shane Sombilon
Elements of
Fiction
 Elements of Fiction
1. Characters
- Are the representation of a human
being; persons involved in a conflict.
 Elements of Fiction
Five ways of Revealing Literary
Characters
 What the character do along with the
circumstances in which they do it?

 How the characters are described

 What the characters say and think?

 What other characters say about them?

 What the author says about them?

Types of Characters
a. Round Character
- Is a dynamic character who recognize
changes in the circumstances.
- Is a fully develop character, with many
traits – bad and good – shown in the
story.
 Types of Characters
b. Flat Character
- Also known as the stock or the
stereotype character who does not
grow and develop.
- A flat character is not fully developed.
 Types of Character
Other types of Characters:
a. Protagonist – hero/ heroine.

b. Antagonist - a foil to the protagonist.

 Types of Character
Other types of
Characters:
c. Deuteroganist – second
in importance.

d. Fringe – one who is

destroyed by his inner
conflict.

e. Typical or minor
characters
Elements of Fiction
2. Setting
- The locale (place) or period (time) in
which the action of a short story, play,
novel or the motion picture takes place
(also known as the background of the
story).
 Elements of Fiction
3. Conflict
- The struggle or complication involving
the characters, the opposition of
persons or forces upon which the action
depends in drama or fiction.
 Types of Conflict
a. Internal Conflict
- Occurs when the protagonist struggles
within himself or herself.
- The protagonist is pulled by two courses
of action or by differing emotions.
 Types of Conflict
b. Interpersonal Conflict
- Pits the protagonist against someone
else.
- Person-against-person.
 Types of Conflict
c. External Conflict
- Happens when the protagonist is in conflict
with the values of his or her society.
 Elements of Fiction
4. Plot
- A casually related sequence of events; what
happens as a result of the main conflict is
presented in a structure format; the sequence of
events which involves the character in conflict.
- (Beginning, Middle, Ending).
 Plot
 Narrative Order
- The sequence of events is called the
narrative order.
 Plot
 Narrative Order
Chronological the most common type of
narrative order in children’s books.
 Plot
 Narrative Order
Flashback occurs when the author narrate an
event that took place before the current time
of the story.
 Plot
 Narrative Order
Time lapse occurs when the story skips a
period of time that seems unusual compared
to the rest of the plot.
Pyramidal Structure of
a Plot
Climax

Complication
Denouement

Exposition
Resolution
Pyramidal structure of
a Exposition
a. Plot (Beginning)
- Introduces the time, place, setting, and the
main characters.
b. Complication (Rising action)
- Unfolds the problem, and struggles that
would be encountered by the main
characters leading to the crisis.
c. Climax (Result of the crisis)
- Part where the problem or the conflict is the
highest peak of interest; the highest point of
the story for the reader, frequently, is the
highest moment of interest and greatest
emotion; also known as the crisis or the
Pyramidal structure of
a Plot
d. Denouement
- Is the untying of the entangled knots, or
the part that shows a conflict or a
problem is solved, leading to its
downwards movements or end.
e. Resolution (End)
- Contains the last statement about the
story.
Qualities of the Plot
a. Exciting
- It should be more exciting than the
everyday reality that surrounds us.
b. Good Structure
- The episodes must be arranged
effectively, but the most important
element of plot structure is tying all the
incidents together, so that one leads
naturally to another.
Plot Devices
a. Flashback
- Something out of chronological order; to
reveal information, to understand a
character’s nature.
b. Foreshadowing
- A device to give a sign of something to
come. Its purpose is to create suspense,
to keep the readers guessing what will
happen when.
c. Suspense
- This is the feeling of excitement or
tension in the reader’s experiences as the
action of the plot unfolds.
Plot Devices
d. Surprise Ending
- This is an ending that catches the
reader off guard with an unexpected
turn of events.
e. In Media Res
- The technique of beginning a story in
the middle of the action, with
background information given later in
flashbacks.
Elements of Fiction
5. Point of View
- The writer’s feeling and attitude
towards his subject.
- Determined who tells the story and it
identifies the narrator of the story.
- The form of narration also affects the
story itself.
 Classification of P.O.V
a. First Person
- The writer uses the pronoun “I”. He/she could be a
participant or a character in his own work.
- The narrator may be the protagonist, an observer, a
minor character, or the writer himself/herself.
 Classification of P.O.V
b. Third Person
- The writer-narrator is a character in the story.
He/she narrates based on what he observed/his
opinion.
- On the other hand, a limited third person is an
outsider/observer who is not part of the story.
 Classification of P.O.V
c. Omniscient
- The writer-narrator sees all; he can see into the
minds of characters and even report everyone’s
innermost thoughts.
 Classification of P.O.V
Name Characteristics Pronouns

Speaker part of the

story, can observe
I, me, mine, we, us,
Fist Person characters, but
our (s)
reveals feelings and
reactions only of self.
• Story told only as
• He, him, his, she,
one character can
her (s), they, them,
• Third Person observe.
theirs
• Limited Third • Narrator not part of
• He him, his, she,
Person the story, cannot
her (s), they, them,
read any
theirs
character’s mind.

Narrator/author He, him, his, her (s),

Omniscient
knows all and sees all they, them, theirs
 Elements of Fiction
6. Mood
- The atmosphere or the emotional effect
generated by the words, images, situations in a
literary work.
- The emotional ambiance of the work.
Example:
Melancholy
Joyous
Tense
Opressive
 Elements of Fiction
7. Tone
- A term used, sometimes broadly, to denote an attitude
of feeling of the speaker or author as conveyed by the
language in its artful arrangement.
- It describes the attitude of the narrator or persona of
the work whereas Mood refers to the emotional impact
felt by the reader of the work.
Example:
Ironic, Sly
Pensive, Acerbic
Humorous
Elements of Fiction
8. Symbolism
- Stand for something other than
themselves, they bring to mind not
their own concrete qualities, but the
idea or obstruction that is associated
with them.
Elements of Fiction
9. Images
- Are usually characterized by concrete
qualities rather than abstract meaning
- These appeal to the senses of taste,
smell, feel, sound, or sight.
 Elements of Fiction
10. Theme
- The central or dominating idea in a literary work
- It is the topic or subject of the selection, which is
sometimes stated by a character or the writer
himself, but oftentimes, it is merely implied or
suggested.
Note: The theme is not some familiar saying or
moral lesson.
Example:
Love, Friendship
Courage, Revenge
Reporter: Lucky Joyce S. Lantaya
Poetry
 Greek word poesis meaning “making or creating”
 A kind of language that says it more intensely than ordinary language does.

5 things about poetry

a. Poetry is a concentrated thought
b. Poetry is a kind of word-music
c. Poetry expresses all the senses
d. Poetry answers our demand for rhythm
e. Poetry is observation plus imagination
SOME OF THE BEST DEFINITIONS OF POETRY:
 Gemino Abad :
“ a poem is a meaningful organization of words.”
 T.S Eliot :
“ The fusion of two poles of mind, emotion and thought”
 Manuel Viray :
“ Poetry is the union of thoughts and feelings.”
 William Wadsworth :
“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recorded in tranquility”
 Edgar Allan Poe :
“ It is the rhythmic creation of beauty”
 Percy B. Shelly :
“ It is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best
minds.”
 Jaime G. Ang :
“ Poetry if the ‘essence’ of the creative imagination of man.”
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1.SENSE – is revealed through the meaning of words, images and symbols,
a. diction – denotative and connotative meanings/symbols
b. images and sense impression – sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, motion, and
emotion
c. figure of speech – simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, metonymy,
synecdoche, hyperbole, irony, allusion, antithesis, paradox, litotes, oxymoron, onomatopoeia.

2.SOUND – is the result of a combination of elements.

a. tone color – alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition, anaphora
b. rhythm – ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the flow of
the sound and silence: duple, triple, running or common rhyme.
c. meter – stress, duration, or number of syllables per line, fixed metrical pattern, or
a verse form: quantitative, syllabic, accentual and accentual syllabic.
d. rhyme scheme – formal arrangements in rhymes in stanza or the whole poem.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY

3. STRUCTURE – refers to arrangement of words, and lines to fit

together, and the organization of the parts to form a whole

a. word order – natural and unnatural arrangement of words

b. ellipsis – omitting some words for economy and effect
c. punctuation – abundance or lack of punctuation marks
d. shape – contextual and visual designs: jumps, omission of
spaces, capitalization, lower case
TYPES OF POETRY
1. Narrative Poetry
a. Epic – a long narrative poem of the largest proportions.
b. Metrical Romance – a narrative poem that tells a story of
adventure, love and chivalry. The typical hero is a knight on a quest
c. Metric Tale – a narrative poem consisting usually of a single
series of connective events that are simple idylls or home tales, love
tales, tales of the supernatural or tales written for a strong moral
purpose in verse form.
d. Ballad – the simplest type of narrative poetry. It is a short
narrative poem telling a single incident in simple meter and stanzas. It
is intended to be sung.
TYPES OF POETRY
e. Popular Ballad – a ballad of wide workmanship telling some
simple incidents of adventure, cruelty, passion or superstition, an
incident that shows the primary instincts of man influenced by the
restraint of modern civilization.

f. Modern or Artistic – created by a poet imitation of the folk

ballad, makes use (sometimes with considerable freedom) of many of
its devices and conventions

g. Metrical Allegory – an extended narrative that carries a

second meaning along with the surface story. Things and actions are
symbolic.
TYPES OF POETRY
2. LYRIC POETRY
a. Ode – a lyric poem of some length serious in subject and dignified in style. It is the
most majestic of the lyric poems. It is written in a spirit of praise of some persons or things.
Example: Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”
b. Elegy – a poem written on the death of a friend of the poet.
example: The Lover’s Death by Ricardo Demetillo
c. Song – a lyric poem in a regular metrical pattern set to music. These have 12
syllables and slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas
d. Corridos (kuridos) – these have measures of eight syllables (octosyllabic) and
recited to a material beat.
example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Dela Cruz
e. Sonnet – a lyric poem containing fourteen iambic lines, and a complicated rhyme.
example: Santang Abad by Alfonso P. Santos
LITERARY DEVICES IN POETRY
1. FIGURES OF SPEECH
 Simile – consists of comparing two things using the words like or as
Example: Your face is as big as a seed,
But you do not bear fruit (Lines from A Secret
by Carlos Bulosan)
 Metaphor – uses direct comparison of two unlike things or ideas.
Example: Dear Lord:
Let thou be the street-cleaner
Whilst I be the road (Prayer by
NVM Gonzales)
 Personification – gives human traits to inanimate objects or ideas.
Example: The bullet said to the heart:
From now on we shall never part (Lines from Communion by
Gerson M. Mallillin
LITERARY DEVICES IN POETRY
 Apostrophe – is a direct address to someone absent, dead, or inanimate
Example: Little sampaguita
With the wandering eye
Did a tiny fairy
Drop you where you lie?
(Lines from The Sampaguita by Natividad Marquez)
 Metonymy – substitutes a word that closely relates to a person or a thing.
Examples:
1. The pen is mightier than the sword.
2. He lives through the bottle.
3. I have read all of Shakespeare.
4. By the sweat of our brow, you will earn your food.
Essay
Reporter : Michelle Nitz Regis
 A popular form of literature that is written
in a prose composition of moderate length
usually expository in nature which aims to
explain or clear up an idea, a theory, an
expression, or point of view.
ELEMENTS OF ESSAY
 Theme and Content
 “what is the main point of the essay?”
 Is the general objective or aim of the essay and the ideas it wants
to present, describing events or interpret experiences.

 Form and Structure

 “how are ideas ordered to achieve a single effect?”
 Describes the outline of the essay and how it is written: either
orderly, systematic or in a logical manner.
 It has three basic parts: introduction, main body and conclusion.
With two major patterns: inductive and deductive.
ELEMENTS OF ESSAY
 Language and Style
 “what makes the essay literary?”
 Isthe mode or tone, attitude and sensibility used
by the writer. Mostly, this is done in a whimsical,
humorous, matter-of-fact, satirical, serious and
optimistic manner but depending on what the
essayist wants to portray.
 This element also describes how the writer
expresses himself.
TYPES OF ESSAY
1. Formal or Impersonal Essay
 deals with serious and important topics.
 has an authoritative and scholarly style.
 imposes formal tone echoes with an objective and clear straight
forward expression.
 is to teach and instruct.
2. Informal or Familiar Essay
 covers ordinary and common place subjects through casual,
conversational or friendly, often humorous but equally insightful
to formal essay.
 appeals more emotion than to intellect.
 is to address a certain topic lightly and in fluid style.
TYPES OF ESSAY
a. Reflective – serious in tone and dignified in style, this type is mainly
aphoristic. It’s short and sharp “quotable quotes” or choice maxims
cut deep into memory like a proverb. The subject matter spurs
thinking and rouses keen observation.

b. Narrative – uses an accident or event, not for the sake of the story
but to shape the theme. It is often used to make the idea clear and
endearing to present.

c. Descriptive – adds vividness, reality and animation to narrative

essay.

d. Speculative- theories or poses some questions in an interesting

subject or may ramble speculating and prying to some problems.
TYPES OF ESSAY
e) Biographical – portrays characters or sketches of life, not simply
chronicling it but to analyze and interpret the side of a character.

f) Nature – aims to picture the world of trees, flowers, birds, mountains and
etc. It may be either pictorial or reflective or both depending on the writer.

g) Critical – includes biography, literary criticisms, book reviews and other

compositions that aims to make an analytical judgment upon literature.

h) Didactic – enforces a moral lesson. It is serious and has in tone explaining

or trying to convince but concentrates more on giving lesson.

i) Scientific – contains excellent logic, clarity of expression and organized

presentation of the sequence of ideas.
DRAMA
 From the Greek word “dan”
which means to do.
 It is the art make-believe, it
consists in part of acting out
events that happened or that are
imagined happening.
 Aristotle defines drama as “the
imitation of life”.
 Drama imitates life.
Theatre
Reporter: Faith Precious Andre C. Inguillo
Kinds of
Theater
Arena
Medieval
Elizabeth
Proscenium
Theater of Cruelty
KINDS OF THEATRE

 1. Arena- is the theater style of early Greeks. The

actors are surrounded on all sides by the audience
and they make exits and entrances though the
aisles. This type of arrangement brings the
audience into a special kind of intimacy.
KINDS OF THEATRE

 2. Medieval- is the theatre which uses playing areas called

mansions inside the churches and portable wagons wheeled
about outside the churches. In some performances, the actors
came into the audience, breaking the sense of distance or the
illusion of separation. Their drama was integrated with their
religion and both helped them express their sense of
belonging to the church and the community.
KINDS OF THEATRE

 3. Elizabeth- is the theatre which was a wooden

structure providing an enclose space around a
country open sky. The enclosed structure generated
intimacy and involvement between actors and
audience.
KINDS OF THEATRE

 4. Proscenium- was the stage of the nineteenth century. This

type f stage distance the audience from the play, providing a
clear frame behind which the performances act out their
scenes.
KINDS OF THEATRE

 5. Theatre of Cruelty- was developed in France. This type of

theatre closes the gap between the actor and audiences. Its
purpose was to confront the members of the audience
individually to make them feel uncomfortable and force them
to deal with the primary issues of the drama itself.
Types of DramaTragedy
Comedy
Tragicomedy
TYPES OF DRAMA
 1. Tragedy - a serious drama in which the
protagonist, traditionally of noble position,
suffers a series of unhappy events that lead to a
catastrophe such as death or spiritual
breakdown.
TYPES OF DRAMA

 2. Comedy - a type of drama intended to interest and amuse

the audience rather than to make them deeply concerned about
the events that happen . The characters experience difficulties,
but the always overcome their ill fortune and find happiness in
the end.

• Comedy of Humors or Old Comedy- resembles farce and often

pokes fun at individuals who think of themselves as very
important. The characters’ disposition are exaggerated and
stereotyped.

• Comedy of Manners or New Comedy- is realistic and satirical is

concerned with the manners and conventions of high society.
TYPES OF DRAMA
 3. Tragicomedy - a play that does not adhere strictly to the
structure of tragedy. This is usually a serious play that also
has some of the qualities of comedy. It may be a commentary
on the society’s raucous behavior that draws laughs and ends
happily, yet there is a sense of discomfort in the sardonic
humor.
Elements of Drama
Plot
Characters
Setting
Dialogue
Movement
Music
Theme
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

 1. Plot- a term for the action of drama. The function

of the plot is to give action a form that helps the
audience understand the elements of the drama in
relation to one another. The plot depend largely on
the conflict of the characters.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
 2. Characters - as the conflict unfolds, so are the characters
revealed. In many plays, the entire shape of the action derives
form the character’s strengths and weaknesses thus, they
create their own opportunities and problems.
 Characters are revealed through their own words, their
interaction with other characters, their expression of feelings,
and their presence on stage expressed in movement and
gesture.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
 3. Setting - refers to the time and place in which the action
occurs. It also refers to the scenery and physical elements that
appear on stage to vivify the author’s stage directions. Some
plays make use of very elaborate settings, while others make
use of simplified settings, even an empty stage in absurdist
play.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

 4. Dialogue - the speeches that the characters use to advance the

action. Since there is no description or commentary on the action, as
there is in fiction, the dialogue must tell the whole story. A highly
efficient dialogue reveals the characters, unfolds the action and
introduces the themes of the play.

• Soliloquy- a speech in which an actor , usually alone on stage, utters

his or her thoughts aloud, revealing personal feelings.

• Aside- a short speech made by a character to the audience which, by

convention, the other characters onstage cannot hear.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
 5. Movement - in the Greek tragedies, the chorus danced in a
ritualistic fashion form one side of the stage to the other. Their
movement was keyed to the structure of their speeches. In
reading a play, the stage directions give information as to
where the characters are, when they move, and perhaps even
the significance of their movement. The stage directions
enhance the actor’s interpretations of the character’s action.
ELEMENTS OF DRAMA

 6. Music - is an occasional
dramatic element in a play. This
may either be sung by the
characters or provided as
background during the
performance.

 7. Theme - is the message, the

central action, or what the play is
about. Many plays contains several
rather than just a single theme.
hank You For Listening!
Group 1 (Reporters)

1. Lucky Brylle Minoza

2. Rocel Shane Sombilon
3. Lucky Joyce Lantaya
4. Michelle Nitz Regis
5. Faith Precious Andre C. Inguillo