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Btech Transformer

A transformer is a device that uses mutual induction to change alternating voltages and currents, with high efficiency and low losses. It consists of primary and secondary windings linked by a ferromagnetic core, and can be classified as step-up or step-down based on the turns ratio. Transformer losses include copper losses due to resistance in the windings and iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.

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2 views

Btech Transformer

A transformer is a device that uses mutual induction to change alternating voltages and currents, with high efficiency and low losses. It consists of primary and secondary windings linked by a ferromagnetic core, and can be classified as step-up or step-down based on the turns ratio. Transformer losses include copper losses due to resistance in the windings and iron losses from hysteresis and eddy currents in the core.

Uploaded by

9dgw9mddwh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transformers

INTRODUCTION
• A transformer is a device which uses the phenomenon of mutual
induction to change the values of alternating voltages and currents.

• One of the main advantages of a.c. transmission and distribution is


the ease with which an alternating voltage can be increased or
decreased by transformers.

• Losses in transformers are generally low and thus efficiency is high.

• Transformers range in size from the miniature units used in


electronic applications to the large power transformers used in
power stations.
• The principle of operation is the same for each.
• A transformer is consist of two electrical circuits linked by a common
ferromagnetic core.
• One coil is termed the primary winding which is connected to the
supply of electricity, and the other the secondary winding, which may
be connected to a load.
Principle of operation
• When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage
V1 is applied to the primary winding, a small current—called the no-
load current I0 —flows, which sets up a magnetic flux in the core.
• This alternating flux links with both primary and secondary coils
and induces in them e.m.f.’s of E1 and E2 respectively by mutual
induction.
• The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns is given by E=−N(dɸ/dt)
volts, where dɸ/dt is the rate of change of flux.
• In an ideal transformer, the rate of change of flux is the same for
both primary and secondary and thus
• E1/N1 =E2/N2 i.e. the induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.
(V1/V2) is called the voltage ratio and (N1/N2) the turns ratio,
or the ‘transformation ratio’ of the transformer.

If N2 is less than N1 then V2 is less than V1 and the device


is termed a step-down transformer.

If N2 is greater then N1 then V2 is greater than V1 and the


device is termed a step-up transformer.
• When a load is connected across the secondary winding,a
current I2 flows. In an ideal transformer losses are
neglected and a transformer is considered to be 100
percent efficient. Hence input power=output power, or

• V1I1 =V2I2 i.e. in an ideal transformer, the primary and


secondary ampere-turns are equal
• A transformer has 500 primary turns and 3000 secondary
turns. If the primary voltage is 240V, determine the
secondary voltage, assumingan ideal transformer.
• An ideal transformer with a turns ratio of 2:7 is fed from a
240V supply. Determine its output voltage.
• An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 8:1 and the
primary current is 3A when it is supplied at 240V. Calculate
the secondary voltage and current.
• An ideal transformer, connected to a 240V mains, supplies
a 12V, 150W lamp. Calculate the transformer turns ratio and
the current taken from the supply.
• A 5 kVA single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 10:1
and is fed from a 2.5 kV supply. Neglecting losses,
determine (a) the full-load secondary current, (b) the
minimum load resistance which can be connected across
the secondary winding to give full load kVA, (c) the primary
current at full load kVA.
=
Regulation of a transformer
• When the secondary of a transformer is loaded, the
secondary terminal voltage, V2, falls. As the power factor
decreases, this voltage drop increases.
• This is called the regulation of the transformer and it is
usually expressed as a percentage of the secondary no-
load voltage, E2. For full-load conditions:
• Regulation = X 100%
• The fall in voltage, (E2 −V2), is caused by the resistance and
reactance of the windings. Typical values of voltage
regulation are about 3% in small transformers and about 1%
in large transformers.
• A 5 kVA, 200V/400V, single-phase transformer has a
secondary terminal voltage of 387.6 volts when loaded.
Determine the regulation of the transformer.

• Regulation = x 100%
• = 3.1%
• The open circuit voltage of a transformer is 240V. A tap
changing device is set to operate when the percentage
regulation drops below 2.5%. Determine the load voltage at
which the mechanism operates.
Transformer losses
• There are broadly two sources of losses in transformers on
load, these being copper losses and iron losses.
• (a) Copper losses are variable and result in a heating of the
conductors, due to the fact that they possess resistance. If
R1 and R2 are the primary and secondary winding
resistances then the total copper loss is I21R1 +I22R2
• iron losses
• Iron losses are constant for a given value of frequency and flux
density and are of two types —
• hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
• Hysteresis loss is the heating of the core as a result of the
internal molecular structure reversals which occur as the
magnetic flux alternates.
• The loss is proportional to the area of the hysteresis loop
and thus low loss nickel iron alloys are used for the core
since their hysteresis loops have small areas.
• Eddy current loss is the heating of the core due to e.m.f.’s being
induced not only in the transformer windings but also in the core.

• These induced e.m.f.’s set up circulating currents, called eddy


currents. Owing to the low resistance of the core, eddy currents
can be quite considerable and can cause a large power loss and
excessive heating of the core.

• Eddy current losses can be reduced by increasing the resistivity


of the core material or, more usually, by laminating the core (i.e.
splitting it into layers or leaves) when very thin layers of
insulating material can be inserted between each pair of
laminations

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