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Computer
Networks
Presented by:
• A R O O J FAT I M A ( F 2 0 2 4 5 1 6 0 0 9 )
• AFSHAN JAMSHAID(F2024516058)
• M U N I FA S H A H Z A D I ( F 2 0 2 4 5 1 6 0 8 6 )
• AMNA NOOR (F2024516004)
• H I B A FAT I M A ( F 2 0 2 4 5 1 6 0 2 1 )
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COURSE CONTENT:
1. Introduction to Computer Networks
2 . Ty p e s o f C o m p u t e r N e t w o r k s
3 . N e t w o r k To p o l o g i e s
4. Networking Devices
5. Networking Protocols
6. Network Models
7. Network Security
8 . E m e r g i n g Tr e n d s i n N e t w o r k i n g
9. Applications of Computer Networks
10. Conclusion 2 2
Computer networks:
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Introduction
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to edit Master Computer
style Networks:
•Definition: A computer network
is a group of interconnected
devices that communicate with
each other to share resources.
•Importance: Facilitates
communication, resource
sharing, and data exchange.
•Examples: Internet, intranet,
and local area networks (LANs).
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NEEDtoOFedit Master title
A COMPUTER style
NETWORK:
• A computer network is established for the purpose of sharing
resources.
• For example:
File sharing
Hardware sharing
Application sharing
User communication
E-mail
Sharing as single internet connection
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TYPES toOF
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COMPUTER style
NETWORKS:
BASED ON SIZE AND SCOOP: Based on Communication:
PAN(Personal Area Network) Wired networks
LAN(Local Area Network) Wireless networks.
MAN( Metropolitan Area
Network)
WAN(Wide Area Network)
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PERSONAL Master title style
NETWORK
Definition
A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a small-
scale network designed for personal use,
typically covering a range of about 10
meters. It enables communication between
devices like smartphones, laptops, tablets,
and other personal gadgets
• Scope: Limited to a single user’s
workspace or immediate surroundings.
• Range: Up to 10 meters (approximately
33 feet).
• Devices: Smartphones, laptops,
wearable devices ( smart watches,
fitness trackers), and printers.
• Communication: Wired (e.g., USB
cables) or wireless (e.g., Bluetooth,
Infrared).
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.
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Local to editNetwork(LAN)
Area Master title style
Definition:
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer
network that connects devices within a
limited area, such as a home, office, or
campus. It enables resource sharing and
communication among connected devices.
• Scope: Covers a small geographical area
(e.g., a building or campus).
• Speed: High data transfer rates (up to
several Gbps)
• .Devices: Computers, servers, printers,
switches, routers.
• Communication: Typically uses Ethernet
cables or Wi-Fi.
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MAN (Metropolitan title style
Network)
Definition:
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
is a computer network that spans a
city or a large geographic area,
interconnecting multiple Local Area
Networks (LANs). It is larger than a
LAN but smaller than a Wide Area
Network (WAN).
• Scope: Covers a city, town, or
metropolitan area (10–50 km).
• Purpose: Connects multiple
LANs for shared resources and
communication.
• Technology Used: Fiber-optic
cables, wireless connections, or
leased lines.
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Wide to edit
Area Master (WAN)
Network title style
Definition:
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a large-
scale network that connects devices and
smaller networks (like LANs and MANs)
over a vast geographical area, such as
countries or continents. The Internet is
the most prominent example of a WAN.
• Scope: Covers large geographical
areas, from cities to countries.
• Purpose: Enables long-distance
communication and resource sharing.
• Technology Used: Satellite links,
fiber-optic cables, leased
telecommunication lines.
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Typesto
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Network:
• Wireless network: • Wired Network:
Definition: Definition:
A wireless network is a type of computer A wired network is a type of computer network
network that uses radio waves or infrared that uses physical cables, such as Ethernet or
signals to transmit data between devices fiber-optic cables, to connect devices and
without the need for physical cables. enable communication.
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Network Topologies :
Bus topology Ring Topology Star Topology Mesh Topology
• Every computer and • Computers are connected • All computers are
• It is a point –to –point
network is connected to a to form a ring. connected to a single hub
connection to other nodes
single cable. • The message is passing in through a cable. The hub is
or devices.
uni - directional. the central node.
• Transmits data only in one • Hub acts a repeater for • It is robust.
• Easy Installation
direction. data flow. • Fault is diagnosed easily.
• Can be used with twisted • Provides security and
• Cost is effective • Less cabling required
pair, optical fibre . privacy
• Fast performance with few
nodes . • Each connection can carry
• Used in small networks • Easy to troubleshoot
• Hub can be upgraded its own data load.
easily.
• Cable fails whole network • If nodes fail , whole
• Expensive to use • Cabling cost is more.
fails network fails
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• Cable has a limited length. • Difficult to configure • Cost of installation is high • Bulk wiring is required. 12
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Network Master title style
topologies:
Ring Topology Star Topology
Bus Topology
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Network Master title style
Topologies:
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Networking Master title style
Router: Switch: Hub: Modem: Access Points:
Directs data Connects devices in Connects Converts digital Enable wireless
between networks. a LAN. multiple devices signals to analog connectivity.
but broadcasts for transmission.
data to all.
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Protocols
Click to editinMaster
Networking:
title style
Transmission
HTTP/ HTTPS: Hyper
Control
Text Transfer
Protocol/Internet
Protocol
Protocol (TCP/IP):
DNS: Domain Name
FTP:File Transfer System for resolving
Protocol web addresses.
SMTP/IMAP: Email
communication.
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NETWORK Master title style
Network models are used to understand and
design the layers and processes of
communication in a network. There are two main
types of models widely used in computer
networking:
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) TCP/IP Model
Model
• The OSI model is a conceptual framework
• The TCP/IP model is more practical and is
that standardizes network functions into
seven layers, each responsible for specific the foundation of the internet. It is a
tasks. simplified, four-layer model:
• These layers are: • 1. Link Layer: Combines the OSI’s Physical
• 1.Physical Layer: Deals with the physical and Data Link Layers.
connection between devices (cables, • 2. Internet Layer: Corresponds to the OSI’s
switches, etc.).
Network Layer (e.g., IP protocols).
• 2. Data Link Layer: Responsible for node-
to-node data transfer and error correction. • 3. Transport Layer: Equivalent to OSI’s
• 3. Network Layer: Manages addressing, Transport Layer (e.g., TCP, UDP).
routing, and data packet forwarding (e.g.,
IP addresses).
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Network Master title style
models:
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Network Master title style
security:
Definition:
Network security is the practice of protecting data and
systems from cyber threats such as hacking, malware,
phishing, and unauthorized access. It includes
measures like firewalls, encryption, intrusion detection
systems, and secure protocols to ensure the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network
resources.
Types:
• Email security
• Data protection
• Access control
• Mobile security
• Firewalls
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Challenges Master title networks:
computer style
• Security Risk:
Vulnerable to hacking and data breaches.
• Scalability:
Expanding networks can be costly and complex.
• Latency:
Delays in data transmission.
• Maintenance:
Requires expertise and regular updates.
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Emerging Master
Trends in title style
Networking:
Emerging trends in networking involve
advancements in technology and
practices. Some of these include:
- 5G and beyond: Next-generation wireless
communication systems providing faster
speeds and low latency.
- SD-WAN (Software-Defined Wide Area
Networks): Optimizing and automating
network management through software.
- I oT (Internet of Things): Connecting
everyday devices to the internet and
enabling data exchange.
- AI and Machine Learning in Networks:
Using AI to optimize network performance,
predict traffic, and prevent security
breaches.
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Applications title style
of Computer Networks
Computer networks enable communication and resource
sharing across various fields. Some key applications
include:
• Communication: Email, messaging, voice, and video
calls (e.g., VoIP).
• Distributed Systems: Cloud computing, online
storage services, and distributed databases.
• Entertainment: Streaming services, online gaming,
and file sharing.
• E-commerce: Online shopping platforms and digital
payment systems.
• Healthcare: Telemedicine, remote patient monitoring,
and health information systems.
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Conclusion:
• In conclusion, computer networks are integral to modern society,
supporting a wide range of applications and industries. As
technology continues to evolve, the trends in networking will shape
the future of communication, security, and data management, with
new challenges and opportunities emerging alongside these
advancements.
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Thank
You
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