The Loop Control Structure

Loop or Iteration
The repetition of a statement is called loop or iteration
When a statement or group of statement repeated again and

02/10/2025
again is called loop .
Loops cause a section of your program to be repeated a certain
number of times.

CSF,NU
The repetition continues while a condition is true.
When the condition becomes false, the loop ends and control
passes to the statements following the loop.

Types of loops
For loop
While loop 2
Do loop
For loop
• The for loop executes one or more statements for a specified
number of times.

02/10/2025
• The for loop allows us to specify three things about a loop in
a single line:
• Setting a loop counter to an initial value.

CSF,NU
• Testing the loop counter to determine whether its value has
reached the number of repetitions desired.
• Increasing or decreasing the value .

3
 For Loop

CSF,NU 02/10/2025
4
For Loop Syntax

02/10/2025
for ( initialization ; testing/condition ; increment /decrement )
{
statements;

CSF,NU
}

5
 CSF,NU 02/10/2025
6
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{

CSF,NU
int a;
for(a=1;a<=10;a++)
{
Printf(“%d = Afghanistan \n”,a);
}
getch();
} 7
Write a program to display the numbers
from (1-100)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{

CSF,NU
for(int a=1;a<=100;a++)
Printf(“%d”,a);

getch();
}
8
Sum of Numbers from 1-10
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
int b;

CSF,NU
for(int a=1;a<=10;a++)
{
printf("%d",a);
b=a+b;
}
printf("the sum=%d",b);
getch();
}
9
Table
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
int b=2;

CSF,NU
for(int a=1;a<=10;a++)
{
printf("%d*%d=%d\n",a,b,a*b);
}
getch();
}
10
Increment and Decrement Operators
 The statements of increment and decrement are commonly used in
the for loop.

02/10/2025
 The increment (i.e., ++) or decrement (i.e., --) operators are the
frequently used operators which take only one operand.
 The increment/decrement operators increase or decrease the value of

CSF,NU
the single operand.
◦ e.g., for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++){ … }
◦ The variable i increase one after each iteration.

11
 Comparison of Prefix and Postfix
Increments
The value of the expression (that uses the ++/-- operators) depends on
the position of the operator.

02/10/2025
The value of
j is not
increased

CSF,NU
The value of
j
is increased

5-
Nested Loops
• Usually used to work with two dimensional
arrays (later).

02/10/2025
• Nested loops consist of an outer loop with one
or more inner loops.

CSF,NU
• Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner
loops are reentered.

13
Nested Loops
 Nested loops consist of an outer loop with one or more inner loops.
 e.g.,
for (i=1;i<=10;i++) Outer loop

02/10/2025
{
for(j=1;j<=50;j++) Inner loop

CSF,NU
{
…
}
}
 The above loop will run for 10*50 iterations.

14
What is the Output?
int a=0, b=0, sum=0;
for(a=0; a<6; a+=2)

02/10/2025
for(b=0; b>4; b--)
sum=sum+1;

CSF,NU
printf(“%d”,sum);

/* Output = */
Sum is 0

15
Loop
#include<stdio.h>

02/10/2025
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a, b;

CSF,NU
for(a=1; a<10; a++)
{
for(int b=0;b<a;b++)
printf("*");

printf("\n");
}

}
16
Nested loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
for (int a=1;a<=10;a++)

CSF,NU
{
for(int b=1;b<=10;b++)
printf("%d*%d= %d \n",a,b,a*b);

printf("\n");
}

} 17
While loop
• Its often the case in programming that you want to do
something a fixed number of times .or

02/10/2025
• It repeats a statement or block while its controlling expression
is true
• while(condition)

CSF,NU
• {
• // body of loop
• }

18
while Loop Flow Chart

02/10/2025
false
Continue

CSF,NU
condition?

true

Statement(s)

Next
Statement 19
 CSF,NU 02/10/2025
20
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
int i=1;

CSF,NU
while(i<=10)
{
printf("%d \n",i);
i++;
}
getch();
} 21
What is the Output?
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a= 0;

02/10/2025
int sum = 0;
while (a< 100)
{
int b= 0;

CSF,NU
while (b< 100)
{
sum = sum + 1;
b++;
}
a++;
}
printf("Sum is %d\n", sum);
getch();
}

/* Output = */
Sum is 10000 22
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
int num;
printf("enter ur num");

CSF,NU
scanf("%d",&num);

while(num<=100)
{
printf("%d",num);
num++;
}
getch();
}

23
Do while loop
• As you just saw, if the conditional expression controlling a while
loop is initially false, then the body of the loop will not be

02/10/2025
executed at all.
• However, sometimes it is desirable to execute the body of a
while loop at least once, even if the conditional expression is

CSF,NU
false to begin.
• The do-while loop always executes its body at least once,
because its conditional expression is at the bottom of the loop.
• We can use the do while loop for unspecific reputation of
statements or an action.
24
Do loop
• Each iteration of the do-while loop first executes the body of the loop
and then evaluates the conditional expression

02/10/2025
• If this expression is true, the loop will repeat Otherwise, the loop
terminates.

CSF,NU
25
do Loop Flow Chart

Statement(s)

02/10/2025
true
Continue

CSF,NU
condition?

false

Next
Statement

26
do Loops (Cont…)
Its general form is:

02/10/2025
do {

// body of loop;

CSF,NU
} while (condition);

27
 CSF,NU 02/10/2025
28
 do Loops (Cont…)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
void main()
{

CSF,NU
int n = 10;
do {
printf("num %d ", n);
n--;
} while(n > 1);

getch(); 29

}
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
char name;

CSF,NU
char choice;
do{
printf("enetr ur name");
scanf(" %c",&name);
printf("you have entered %c\n",name);
printf("enter y for again or press any key to cancel\n");
scanf(" %c",&choice);
}while(choice=='y');

getch();
} 30
 Other Control Statements
• There are several other control statements in C.

02/10/2025
• We’ve already seen one, break, used in switch statements, but it
can be used other places as well.

CSF,NU
• Another statement, continue, is used only in loops, and the third
control statement is, goto.

31
 The break Statements
• The break statement causes an exit from a loop(while, for, do-while),
just as it does from a switch statement.

02/10/2025
• The next statement after the break is executed is the statement
following the loop.

CSF,NU
32
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()

02/10/2025
{
char name;
printf("enter ur name");

CSF,NU
scanf("%c",&name);
while(name=='a')
{
printf("you have entered correct name");
break;
}
getch();
} 33
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()

02/10/2025
{
for(int a=0;a<10;a++)
{

CSF,NU
if(a==5)
break;
printf("%d",a);
}

getch();
} 34
The Continue statement
• Sometimes, however, you want to go back to the top of the
loop when something unexpected happens.
• Executing continue has this effect.

02/10/2025
• Skips the remaining statements in the body of a while, for or
do-while structure and proceeds with the next iteration of

CSF,NU
the loop
• In while and do/while, the loop-continuation test is
evaluated immediately after the continue statement is
executed
• In the for structure, the increment expression is executed,
then the loop-continuation test is evaluated

35
The Continue statement

02/10/2025
CSF,NU
36
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{
for(int a=0;a<10;a++)

CSF,NU
{
if(a==5)
continue;
printf("%d",a);
}

getch();
} 37
The goto Statement
• insert a label in your code at the desired destination for the
goto.

02/10/2025
• The label is always terminated by a colon.
• The keyword goto, followed by this label name, then takes you
to the label.

CSF,NU
• Note: There is almost never any need to use goto.

38
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

02/10/2025
main()
{

CSF,NU
printf(“Before goto statement”);
goto myLabel;
printf(“this statement will never be executed”);
myLabel:
printf(“this statement executed after goto statement”);
} 39