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Memory

Memory is a complex system involving attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval, rather than a simple filing cabinet. It consists of sensory, working (short-term), and long-term memory systems, with techniques like chunking to enhance capacity. Additionally, memory is reconstructive and can be influenced by new information, leading to potential distortions.

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12 views17 pages

Memory

Memory is a complex system involving attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval, rather than a simple filing cabinet. It consists of sensory, working (short-term), and long-term memory systems, with techniques like chunking to enhance capacity. Additionally, memory is reconstructive and can be influenced by new information, leading to potential distortions.

Uploaded by

betultekel28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding Memory

A Complex Mental System


What is Memory?
• • Common Misconception: Memory as a filing
cabinet.
• • Reality: A complex system involving multiple
stages of information processing.
Information-Processing Model of
Memory
• Four Major Processes:
• • Attention: Direct focus on information.
• • Encoding: Transforming information into
neural impulses and mental representations.
• • Storage: Processing and storing information.
• • Retrieval: Bringing stored information to
conscious awareness.
Memory Systems
• Sensory Memory:
- Initial intake of environmental information.
- Types:
• Iconic Memory (Visual)
• Echoic Memory (Auditory)
- Characteristics:
• • Brief and unprocessed.
Working (Short-Term) Memory
• • Definition: System for processing and
working on information.
• • Capacity:
• - George Miller’s “Magical Number Seven”
• - 7 ± 2 items.
• • Improving Capacity:
• - Chunking: Grouping information into
meaningful units.
Chunking Example
• • List of Numbers: 1, 4, 7, 8, 4, 3, 6, 9, 8, 6, 2,
5, 1, 0
• • Chunked as: 147, 843, 698, 251, 0
• • Result: Easier recall by reducing the number
of items.
Long-Term Memory
• • Definition:
• - Permanent store for vast amounts of
information.
• - Holds information indefinitely.
• • Characteristics:
• - Information may fade, be lost, or not
recalled when needed.
Summary
• • Memory is not a simple filing system but a
dynamic process.
• • Major Processes: Attention, Encoding,
Storage, Retrieval.
• • Systems: Sensory, Working (Short-Term), and
Long-Term Memory.
• • Techniques: Chunking to enhance short-term
memory capacity.
Let’s Dive Deeper into Memory
• • What questions do you have about memory
processes or systems?
Understanding Memory Processes
• An Overview of How Memory Functions and
Types
Memory Processes
• The nature of processing in
short-term/working memory determines
whether information enters long-term
memory or is lost. Deeper processing is
essential for storing information in long-term
memory.
Levels of Processing Theory
Craik and Lockhart (1972):
Information is remembered when
processed deeply.

Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeating information.

Elaborative Rehearsal: Making information


meaningful and relating it to existing knowledge.
Memory System Overview
• 1. Sensory Memory: Briefly holds information
from sensory receptors.
• 2. Short-Term Memory: Processes and
encodes information.
• 3. Long-Term Memory: Stores processed
information for future retrieval.
Types of Long-Term Memory
• - Declarative Memory (Explicit): Facts and
events.
• - Semantic Memory: General knowledge.
• - Episodic Memory: Personal experiences.
• - Non-Declarative Memory (Implicit):
Unconscious skills and habits.
• - Procedural Memory: Skills (e.g., riding a
bike).
• - Priming: Influence of prior exposure.
Reconstructive Nature of Memory
• Memories are stored in distributed cells in the
brain. Retrieval involves piecing information
back together, which can lead to:
- Errors and distortions.
- Influence from new information or suggestions.
Elizabeth Loftus: Memory
Distortion
• Loftus's research on eyewitness testimony
highlights:
• - Power of suggestion and leading questions.
• - Example: Changing 'hit' to 'smashed' altered
speed estimates in car collision videos.
Conclusion
• Memory is a dynamic system involving
sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.
• - Deep processing is critical for retention.
• - Memory is reconstructive and subject to
distortion.

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