GE401:

LOGIC
Logic:
Statements and
Quantifiers
Learning Objectives

I. Define and identify statements

II. Define the logical connectives
III. Write the negation of a statement
IV. Write statements symbolically

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STATEMENTS
In the English language there are many types of sentences; a few of the types are
▪ Factual statements (You have to pass the bar exam to practice law)
▪ Commands (Get out of my face!)
▪ Opinions (Chocolate cake with cream cheese icing is the best dessert EVER.)
▪ Questions (‘Sup with you?)
▪ Exclamations (Holy cow!)

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STATEMENTS

Statements are declarative sentences

that can be judged either true or
false, but it can never be both true
and false.

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Example 1: Recognizing Statements
Decide which of the following are statements and which are not.

a. Most scientists agree that the global warming is a threat to the environment.
b. Is that your laptop?
c. Man, that hurts?
d. 432 + 8 / 1.3 = 115, 000
e. This book is about database management.
f. Watching reality shows turns your brain to mush.

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Try This One
Decide which of the following are statements and which are not.

a. Those pants rock!

b. 12 – 8 = 5
c. Give me a bottle of anything and glazed donut - to go.
d. Cat can send picture messages with her cellphone.
e. When does the party start?

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SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Statements can be classified as

simple or compound. A simple
statement contains only one idea.
Your jeans are torn.
My dorm has a pile of dirty socks in it.
London Beach is in GenSan. 8
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS
A statement like “I’m taking chemistry this semester
and I’m going to get an A” is called a compound
statement.
A compound statement is a statement
formed by joining two or more simple
statements with a connective.
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SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS
There are four basic connectives used in
logic:
and (the conjunction),
or (disjunction),
if…then (conditional), and
if and only if (biconditional).
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Example
Here are some examples of compound statements using connectives.

 John studied for 5 hours, and he got a perfect score. (conjunction)

 I’m going to pass this class or I’m going to change my major. (disjunction)

 If I get 80% of the questions on the NAT right, then I will get into law school. (conditional)

 We will win the game if and only if we score more points than the other team. (biconditional)

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“ MATH NOTE
In standard usage, the word then is often
omitted from a conditional statement; instead of
“If it snows, then I will go skiing,” you’d probably
just say “If it snows, I will go skiing.”

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Example 2: Classifying Statements as Simple or
Compound
Classify each statement as simple or compound. If it is compound, state the name of
the connective word.

a) Our school mascot is moose.

b) If you register for WiFi service, you will get three days of free access.

c) Tomorrow is the last day to register for classes.

d) In the interest of saving the planet, I plan to buy either a hybrid or a motorcycle.

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Try This One
Classify each statement as simple or compound. If it is compound, state the name of
the connective word.

a) My jacket is both warm and light.

b) This is an information website on STIs.
c) If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I’m going windsurfing.
d) I’m going to eat at Jollibee or McDo today.
e) Yesterday was the deadline to withdraw from a class.

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QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS
Quantified statements involve terms such as ALL,
EACH, EVERY, NO, NONE, SOME, THERE EXISTS,
and AT LEAST ONE.

The first five (all, each, every, no, none) are

called UNIVERSAL QUANTIFIERS because
they either include or exclude every
element of the universal set. 15
QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS

The latter three (some, there exists, at least

one) are called EXISTENTIAL QUANTIFIERS
because they claim the existence of
something, but don’t include the entire
universal set.

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Example
Here are some examples of quantified statements.

 Every student taking philosophy this semester will pass.

 No nursing student is also majoring in criminal justice.

 Some people who are Bren Esports fans are also Alter Ego fans.

 There is at least one professor in this school who does not have brown
eyes.

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NEGATION

The NEGATION of a statement is a

corresponding statement with the opposite
truth value. This means that if a statement
is true, its negation is false, and if the
statement is false, its negation is true.

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NEGATION
For example:
My dorm room is blue.

NEGATION: My dorm room is not blue.

It is important to note that the truth value of these two are
completely opposite: one is true, and the other is false –
period.
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NEGATION
The typical way to negate a simple statement is by adding the
word not, as in these examples:

STATEMENT NEGATION
Bren will win tomorrow. Bren will not win tomorrow.
I took a shower today. I did not take a shower today.
My car is clean. My car is not clean.

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You have to be especially careful when negating
quantified statements. Consider the example statement
“All dogs are fuzzy”. It’s not quite right to say that the
negation is “All dogs are not fuzzy”, because if some
dogs are fuzzy and others aren’t, then both statements
are false. All we need for the statement “All dogs are
fuzzy” to be false is to find out at least one dog that is not
fuzzy, so the negation of the statement would be “Some
dogs are not fuzzy”. (In this setting, we define the word
some to mean at least one.)
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NEGATION OF QUANTIFIED STATEMENTS
Statement
contains… Example Negation Example
All do All of my meals are Some do not, or not Some of my meals
low in fat. all do are not low in fat.
Some do Some majors None do, or all do There are no majors
require 5 years of not that require 5 years
study. of study.
Some do not Some people don’t All do Everyone goes to
go to football football games.
games.
None do No airlines include Some do At least one airline
checked bags for allows a checked
free. bag for free.

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Example: Writing Negations
Write the negation of each of the following quantified statements.

 Every student taking philosophy this semester will pass.

 No nursing student is also majoring in criminal justice.

 Some people who are Bren Esports fans are also Alter Ego fans.

 There is at least one professor in this school who does not have brown
eyes.

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Example: Writing Negations
Write the negation of each of the following quantified statements.
 Every student taking philosophy this semester will pass.
Negation: Not every student taking philosophy this semester will pass.
Some student taking philosophy this semester will not pass.
 No nursing student is also majoring in criminal justice.
Negation: At least one nursing student is also majoring in criminal justice.
 Some people who are Bren Esports fans are also Alter Ego fans.
Negation: No people who are Bren Esports fans are also Alter Ego fans.
 There is at least one professor in this school who does not have brown eyes.
Negation: All professors in this school have brown eyes.

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 CAUTION!
Be especially careful when negating
statements. It’s tempting to say that the
negation of a statement like “Every
student will pass” is “Every student will
fail”, BUT IT ISN’T.
Not only is it possible that both statements
are false, in most classes it’s likely that both
are false. 25
Try This One
Write the negation of each of the following quantified statements.

a) All smartphones have cameras.

b) No woman can win the lottery.
c) Some professors have Ph.Ds.
d) Someone in this class will get a B.
ALL IN THIS CLASS WILL NOT GET A B.
NO ONE IN THIS CLASS WILL GET A B.
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