GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Elements
Formulas and Names of
Compounds

QUARTER 3, WEEK 2
How do you read the
PERIODIC TABLE?
 Learning
The Periodic Table of Elements
 What are Atoms?
• Atoms are the simplest and
smallest particle composed of
protons, electrons, and
neutrons.
• The number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom is equal to
its atomic number.
• Normally, the number of The Atom’s Family
protons equals the number of
electrons.
 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
• A proton is a positively charged particle inside the nucleus.
• A neutron is a neutral particle also inside the nucleus.
• An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits the
nucleus.
 What is the Periodic Table of
Elements?
• Elements are substances that cannot be
broken down any further by chemical
means. There are over 100!
• The Periodic Table is the arrangement of
these elements by increasing atomic
number and similar properties.
 Elements
• Each element on the Periodic Table has an atomic
number, symbol, name and average atomic mass.
• Atomic number – the number of protons found in
the nucleus of an atom.
• Average atomic mass – the mass of an atom
including the protons, neutrons and electrons.
 How is it Arranged?
• The elements are put
into rows by
increasing ATOMIC
NUMBER.
• The horizontal rows
are called periods and
are labeled 1 to 7.
• The vertical rows are
called groups and are
labeled 1 to 18
The red lines show the different periods and the green lines show the groups.
 How is it Arranged?
• Structure of the
Periodic Table:
1.Groups (Columns):
1.Vertical columns
numbered 1 to 18.
2.Elements in the
same group share
similar chemical
properties due to
having the same
number of valence
electrons.
The red lines show the different periods and the green lines show the
 How is it Arranged?
• Structure of the
Periodic Table:
• Periods (Rows):
• Horizontal rows
numbered 1 to 7.
• Each period corresponds
to the filling of a new
electron shell.
• Period – it is the number
of electron shells (orbits)
in an atom.

The red lines show the different periods and the green lines show the
Element Categories:
Metals are primarily located
on the left side and center of
the periodic table, occupying
the following regions:
• Groups 1–12 (IA–IIIB):
• Includes the alkali metals
(Group 1), alkaline earth
metals (Group 2), and
transition metals (Groups
3–12).
Element Categories:
• Element Categories:
• Nonmetals are located
primarily on the right side
of the periodic table,
except for hydrogen,
which is found in the top-
left corner. They include
elements from several
groups and periods and
can be categorized into
nonmetals and noble
gases.
Element Categories:
• Element Categories:
• Nonmetals
• Locations:
1. Hydrogen (H): Group 1, Period 1 (though
it is not a metal, it is placed with alkali
metals for convenience).
2. Groups 14 to 16: Carbon (C), Nitrogen
(N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur
(S), and Selenium (Se).
3. Halogens (Group 17): Fluorine (F),
Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and
Astatine (At).
4. Noble Gases (Group 18): Helium (He),
Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr),
Xenon (Xe), and Radon (Rn).
Element Categories:
• Element Categories:
Metalloids are found Metalloids:
Elements with properties of both
metals and nonmetals, e.g.,
silicon and boron.
• along the stair-step line (or
zigzag line) on the periodic table
that separates the metals on the
left and bottom from the
nonmetals on the right. This line
typically starts between groups
13 and 14 and extends down to
the boundary between groups
16 and 17.
• Common metalloids:
1. Boron (B) - Group 13
2. Silicon (Si) - Group 14
3. Germanium (Ge) - Group 14
4. Arsenic (As) - Group 15
5. Antimony (Sb) - Group 15
6. Tellurium (Te) - Group 16
7. Polonium (Po) - Group 16
With every element being filled in here
the atomic number is increasing with
1, so what does that mean?
• With increasing atomic number : 1
proton is being added in the
nucleus
• and electron also increasing by1
because remember an atom is
OLD PERIODIC TABLE
• Old scheme
uses roman
numerals
and
alphabet A
and B
LANTHANIDE SERIES and ACTINIDE SERIES
 Three States of Matter
Substances are made up of particles.
The state of the substance depends on the arrangement of the particles.

The Three States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

 Particles held tightly  Particles held weakly  No attraction between

 Very close together  Very close together particles
 Regular arrangement  Random arrangement  Far apart
 Vibrate  Vibrate  Random arrangement
 Can’t move from place  Constantly move past  Vibrate
each other  Move quickly in all
to place
directions
 Grouped Elements Have
Similarities
• Elements in the same group have similar properties. Remember,
groups are columns.
• Chemical Property - a property used to characterize materials in
reactions that change their identity. Ex: burning something.
• Physical Property - a characteristic of a substance that can be
observed without changing the substance into something else. Ex:
measuring something’s length, color, mass or volume.
 Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids
• The major categories of elements are the metals, non-metals,
and metalloids.
• Metals are lustrous, malleable, and are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
• Non-metals are elements that do not share the properties of
metals.
• Metalloids are elements that share some, but not all the
properties of metals.
 Metals - Lustrous, Malleable, and
Good Conductors?
These are physical properties of metals
• Lustrous means shiny or reflective of light.
– Coins and jewelry are shiny and reflective .
• Malleable means capable of being shaped.
– Aluminum foil is shaped or molded around food items to keep them fresh.
• Being a Good Conductor means being able to allow electricity
and heat to flow through.
− When you think about the wires we use for
electrical devices, they are mostly made of
copper and other metals.
 Alkali Metals
• Very reactive metals. Always combine with
something else in nature.
• Elements in Group 1 (not including Hydrogen).
• Salt – an Alkali Metal,
Sodium, and another
element, Chlorine,
combined.
 Alkaline Earth Metals
• Elements in Group 2.
• Reactive Metals that are always
combined with non-metals in
nature.
• Several of these elements are
important mineral nutrients,
like Calcium.
 Transition Metals
• Elements in Groups 3-12.
• Less reactive, harder metals.
• Includes metals used in jewelry, money and construction.
 Boron Family
• Elements in Group 13.
• Boron has properties of both metals
and non-metals.
• The rest of the elements in this
group are metals.
 Carbon Family
• Elements in Group 14.
• Contains elements important to life and
computers.
• Carbon is the basic element in all organic
compounds.
• Silicon and
Germanium are
important
semiconductors.
 Nitrogen Family
• Elements in Group 15.
• Nitrogen makes up more than ¾ of
our atmosphere.
• The red tip of matches is made of
phosphorous.
Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
• Elements in Group 16.
• Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
• Many things that have a bad odor
contain sulfur.
 Halogens
• Elements in Group 17.
• Very reactive, diatomic non-metals.
• Always found combined with other
elements in nature.
• Chlorine is used to keep bacteria out of
swimming pools.
 Noble Gases
• Elements in Group 18.
• VERY reactive gases.
• Used in lighted neon signs.
• Helium is used to make party balloons float.
 Elements Used Everyday

Can you think of any elements you use every day?

Chemical compound is a chemical
substance composed of two or more
elements. They are held together by a
chemical bond. There will be a fixed ratio for
a chemical compound determining the
composition of it. For example, dihydrogen
oxide (H2O) is a compound consisting of two
hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom.
Common names of chemical compound, for
almost every chemical compound there will be
a chemical name or scientific name, and a
common name. Scientist or chemist identify a
particular
chemical compound from it scientific name. But in
general, they are known by their common
names and many of them are a part of our day to
day life. For instance, the chemical name of NaCl
is Sodium Chloride and its common name is salt.
This is the same with dihydrogen oxide (H2O) or
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY WORDS
Chemical Formula
Chemical refers to a compound or
substance while formula refers to the
symbolic expression.
 isa symbolic expression of a compound or
substance. It is also described as shorthand
of expressing the types and the number of
atoms in a substance.
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY WORDS

Subscript- A small number written at the

lower right corner of a chemical symbol.
Chemical symbol -An abbreviation that
represents the name of an
element.
 The first chemical symbol
written at the right side of the
formula tells us that it is the
central atom, or the atom
located at the center of the
molecule.
 The letter is the chemical
symbol that represents an
element, the subscript
represents the number of atom
in the chemical formula.
  Theseare hydrogen
represented by the
chemical symbol of H
and chlorine which is
represented by the
chemical symbol of Cl.

Hydrochloric Acid