Chapter 5

DATA Link
Layer
Computer
Networking: A
Top Down
Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith
Ross
Addison-Wesley
March 2012

Link Layer 5-1

Purpose of the Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer

Link layer services
❖ Framing, link access:
▪ link-layer protocol defines the format of the
packets exchanged between nodes at end of
the link
▪ encapsulates datagram into frame, adding
header, trailer
▪ defines how to access channel for shared
medium
▪ Defines the “MAC” addresses to identify
source, dest
• different from IP address!

Link Layer 5-3

Link layer services
Link layer services
MAC Sublayer (cont.)
Data encapsulation
❖ Frame assembly before transmission and
frame disassembly upon reception of a
frame.
❖ MAC layer adds a header and trailer to the
packet
❖ Provides three primary functions:
▪ Frame delimiting – Identifies a group of bits that
comprise a frame, synchronization
▪ Addressing –adds a physical address (MAC
address) that enables a frame to be delivered to
a destination node.
▪ Error detection –adds a trailer with a cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) of the frame contents.
Framing
Link layer services
❖ flow control:
▪ nodes on each side of a link have a limited amount of
packet buffering capacity
▪ pacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes
❖ error detection:
▪ errors caused by signal attenuation, noise.
▪ receiver detects presence of errors:
• signals sender for retransmission or drops frame
❖ error correction:
▪ receiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without
resorting to retransmission
❖ half-duplex and full-duplex
▪ with half duplex, nodes at both ends of link can
transmit, but not at same time

Link Layer 5-8

Types of Errors
An error occurs Single bit
Error
when a bit is
altered
between Burst Error – 2 or more bits
transmission changed
and reception
• Binary 1 is
transmitted and
binary 0 is
received
• Binary 0 is
transmitted and
binary 1 is
5-9
Error Detection Process

Data Link Layer 5-10

 two-dimensional bit parity:
Example: Parity checking ❖ detect and correct single bit
errors

A parity bit is
added to every
data unit so that
the total number
of 1s is even (or
odd for odd-
parity).

single bit parity:

❖detect single bit
errors
Two-dimensional bit
TO Read, Internet Checksum and
CRC
parity
❖Detect up to 3 bit errors
❖101011
❖101010
❖110110
❖010111

Data Link Layer 5-12

Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, 5.5 link virtualization:
services MPLS
5.2 error detection, 5.6 data center
correction networking
5.3 multiple access 5.7 a day in the life
protocols of a web request
5.4 LANs
▪ addressing, ARP
▪ Ethernet
▪ switches
▪ VLANS

Link Layer 5-13

Multiple access links,
protocols
two types of “links”:
❖ point-to-point
▪ PPP for dial-up access
▪ point-to-point link between Ethernet switch, host
❖ broadcast (shared wire or medium)
▪ Older Ethernet
▪ upstream Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC)
▪ 802.11 wireless LAN

shared wire (e.g., shared RF shared humans at a

cabled Ethernet) (e.g., 802.11 WiFi) RF cocktail party
(satellite) (shared air,
acoustical)
Link Layer 5-14
Multiple Access problem
Issues with broadcast (shared wire or
medium)
❖ two or more simultaneous transmissions by
nodes: interference
▪ collision if node receives two or more signals
at the same time

multiple access protocol

❖ distributed algorithm that determines how nodes
share channel, i.e., determine when node can
transmit

5-15
MAC Protocols

Round Reservation/ Contention

channel • All stations
robin partitioning contend for
time
• Each • Divide medium
• Good for
station into slots
bursty traffic
• Good for
given turn stream traffic • Simple to
to implement
• Tends to
transmit collapse under
data heavy load
Channel partitioning MAC protocols
TDMA: time division multiple access
❖ each station gets fixed length slot
❖ unused slots go idle

6-slot 6-slot
frame frame
1 3 4 1 3 4

FDMA: frequency time

division multiple
frequency bands
access
❖ channel spectrum
divided into frequency
bands
❖ each station assigned
fixed frequency band
 Channel partitioning MAC
protocols
F/
TDMA
2G Cellular
Networks

CDMA: Code division multiple access

Transmissions are combined on the same channel at the
same time but are separated by codes

3G Cellular
Networks

Data Link Layer 5-18

Random Access Protocols

Characteristics Contention-Based Technologies

• Stations can transmit at • CSMA/CD for 802.3 Ethernet
any time networks
• Collision exist • CSMA/CA for 802.11 wireless
• How to detect collisions networks
• how to recover from collisions • ALOHA
(e.g., via delayed
retransmissions)
• There are mechanisms to
resolve contention for the
media
CSMA/CD
3.
2. 4.
If the If a collision
1. After
medium is is detected,
transmitting
If the busy, transmit a
the jamming
medium is continue brief
signal, wait
jamming
idle, to listen signal to
a random
transmit; until the amount of
assure that
time,
otherwise, channel is all stations
referred to
go to step idle, then know that
as the
2 transmit there has
backoff, then
been a
immediate collision and
attempt to
ly transmit
cease
again
transmission
“Taking turns” MAC
protocols

Characteristics Controlled Access Technologies

• Only one station can transmit at a

time
• Token Ring (IEEE
• Devices wanting to transmit must 802.5)
wait their turn
• No collisions
• FDDI
• May use a token passing method
“Taking turns” MAC
protocols
channel partitioning MAC protocols:
▪ share channel efficiently and fairly at
high load
▪ inefficient at low load: delay in channel
access, 1/N bandwidth allocated even if
only 1 active node!
random access MAC protocols
▪ efficient at low load: single node can
fully utilize channel
▪ high load: collision overhead
“taking turns” protocols
look for best of both worlds!
Link Layer 5-22
“Taking turns” MAC
protocols
polling:
❖ master node
“invites” slave data
nodes to transmit pol
in turn l

❖ typically used with maste

“dumb” slave data r
devices
❖ concerns:
▪ polling
overhead slave
s
▪ latency
▪ single point of
failure (master)
Link Layer 5-23
“Taking turns” MAC
protocols
token passing:
T
❖ control token
passed from one
node to next
sequentially.
(nothing
❖ token message to send)
❖ concerns: T
▪ token overhead
▪ latency
▪ single point of
failure (token)

data
Link Layer 5-24
Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, 5.5 link virtualization:
services MPLS
5.2 error detection, 5.6 data center
correction networking
5.3 multiple access 5.7 a day in the life
protocols of a web request
5.4 LANs
▪ addressing, ARP
▪ Ethernet
▪ switches
▪ VLANS

Link Layer 5-25

MAC addresses and ARP
❖ MAC (or LAN or physical or Ethernet)
address:
▪ function: used ‘locally” to get frame from one
interface to another physically-connected
interface (same network, in IP-addressing
sense)
▪ 48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in
NIC ROM, also sometimes software settable
▪ e.g.: 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD
hexadecimal (base 16) notation
(each “number” represents 4 bits)

Link Layer 5-26

 LAN addresses and ARP
each adapter on LAN has unique LAN
address
1A-2F-BB-76-09-
AD

LAN
(wired or adapter
wireless)
71-65-F7-2B-08-
53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

Link Layer 5-27

 ARP: address resolution
protocol
Question: how to determine
interface’s MAC address,
knowing its IP address? ARP table: each IP node
(host, router) on LAN
has table
137.196.7.7
8 ▪ IP/MAC address
1A-2F-BB-76-09-
AD
mappings for some
137.196.7.2
3 137.196.7.1 LAN nodes:
4 < IP address; MAC
address; TTL>
LAN
71-65-F7-2B-08-
▪ TTL (Time To Live):
53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 time after which
address mapping
0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 will be forgotten
137.196.7.8
8
(typically 20 min)
Link Layer 5-28
arp table – arp -a

Data Link Layer 5-29

ARP Operation
ARP Operation (cont.)
ARP Operation (cont.)
ARP Operation (cont.)
ARP Operation (cont.)
Addressing: routing to another
LAN
walkthrough: send datagram from A to B
via R
▪ focus on addressing – at IP (datagram) and MAC
layer (frame)
▪ assume A knows B’s IP address
▪ assume A knows IP address of first hop router, R
(how?)
▪ assume A knows R’s MAC address (how?)
A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.22
74-29-9C-E8-FF-
29-BD-D2-C7-56-
4
55
222.222.222.22 2A
1A-23-F9-CD-06-
0
9B
111.111.111.112 111.111.111.110 222.222.222.22
CC-49-DE-D0-AB- E6-E9-00-17-BB- 88-B2-2F-54-1A-
1
7D 4B 0F

Link Layer 5-35

Addressing: routing to another
LAN
❖A creates IP datagram with IP source A, destination B
❖ A creates link-layer frame with R's MAC address as dest,
frame contains A-to-B IP datagram
MAC src: 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
MAC dest: E6-E9-00-17-BB-
4B IP src: 111.111.111.111
IP dest:
222.222.222.222
IP
Eth
Phy

A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.22
74-29-9C-E8-FF-
29-BD-D2-C7-56-
4
55
222.222.222.22 2A
1A-23-F9-CD-06-
0
9B
111.111.111.112 111.111.111.110 222.222.222.22
CC-49-DE-D0-AB- E6-E9-00-17-BB- 88-B2-2F-54-1A-
1
7D 4B 0F

Link Layer 5-36

Addressing: routing to another
LAN
❖frame sent from A to R
❖ frame received at R, datagram removed, passed up to
IP
MAC src: 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55
MAC dest: E6-E9-00-17-BB-
IP src: 111.111.111.111
4B IP dest:
IP src: 111.111.111.111
IP dest: 222.222.222.222
222.222.222.222
IP IP
Eth Eth
Phy Phy

A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.22
74-29-9C-E8-FF-
29-BD-D2-C7-56-
4
55
222.222.222.22 2A
1A-23-F9-CD-06-
0
9B
111.111.111.112 111.111.111.110 222.222.222.22
CC-49-DE-D0-AB- E6-E9-00-17-BB- 88-B2-2F-54-1A-
1
7D 4B 0F

Link Layer 5-37

Addressing: routing to another
LAN
❖R forwards datagram with IP source A, destination B
❖ R creates link-layer frame with B's MAC address as dest,
frame contains A-to-B IP datagram

MAC src: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B

MAC dest: 49-BD-D2-C7-56-
2A IP src: 111.111.111.111
IP dest:
222.222.222.222 IP
IP Eth
Eth Phy
Phy

A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.22
74-29-9C-E8-FF-
29-BD-D2-C7-56-
4
55
222.222.222.22 2A
1A-23-F9-CD-06-
0
9B
111.111.111.112 111.111.111.110 222.222.222.22
CC-49-DE-D0-AB- E6-E9-00-17-BB- 88-B2-2F-54-1A-
1
7D 4B 0F

Link Layer 5-38

Addressing: routing to another
LAN
❖R forwards datagram with IP source A, destination B
❖ R creates link-layer frame with B's MAC address as dest,
frame contains A-to-B IP datagram
MAC src: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B
MAC dest: 49-BD-D2-C7-56-
2A IP src: 111.111.111.111
IP dest:
222.222.222.222
IP
Eth
Phy

A B
R
111.111.111.111
222.222.222.22
74-29-9C-E8-FF-
29-BD-D2-C7-56-
4
55
222.222.222.22 2A
1A-23-F9-CD-06-
0
9B
111.111.111.112 111.111.111.110 222.222.222.22
CC-49-DE-D0-AB- E6-E9-00-17-BB- 88-B2-2F-54-1A-
1
7D 4B 0F

Link Layer 5-39

MAC and IP
MAC Address
❖ This address does not change
❖ Similar to the name of a person
❖ Known as physical address because
physically assigned to the host NIC
IP Address
❖ Similar to the address of a person
❖ Based on where the host is actually
located
❖ Known as a logical address because
assigned logically
❖ Assigned to each host by a network
End-to-End Connectivity,
MAC, and IP
IP Packet Encapsulated in an Ethernet
Frame
Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, 5.7 a day in the life
services of a web request
5.2 error detection,
correction
5.3 multiple access
protocols
5.4 LANs
▪ addressing, ARP
▪ Ethernet
▪ switches
▪ VLANS

Link Layer 5-42

LLC and MAC Sublayers
Ethernet
▪ One of the most widely used LAN technologies
▪ Operates in the data link layer and the
physical layer
▪ Family of networking technologies defined in
the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards
▪ Supports data bandwidths of 10, 100, 1000,
10,000, 40,000, and 100,000 Mb/s (100 Gb/s)
Ethernet Standards
▪ Define Layer 2 protocols and Layer 1
technologies
▪ Two separate sub layers of the data link layer
to operate – Logical Link Control (LLC) and the
MAC sublayers
LLC and MAC Sublayers (cont.)
Ethernet Frame

Preamble and Length/Type Data and Pad

Start Frame Field – Fields –
Delimiter Fields – Defines the exact Contains the
Used for length of the encapsulated
synchronization frame’s data field; data from a
between the describes which higher layer; an
sending and protocol is IPv4 packet.
receiving devices. implemented.
802.3 Ethernet standards: link & physical
layers
❖ many different Ethernet standards
▪ they have common MAC protocol and frame
format
▪ different speeds: 2 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 100
Mbps, 1Gbps, 10G bps
▪ different physical layer media: fiber, cable

MAC protocol
application and frame format
transport
network 100BASE-TX 100BASE-T2 100BASE-FX
link 100BASE-T4 100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX
physical

copper (twister fiber physical layer

pair) physical layer
Link Layer 5-46
Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, 5.7 a day in the life
services of a web request
5.2 error detection,
correction
5.3 multiple access
protocols
5.4 LANs
▪ addressing, ARP
▪ Ethernet
▪ switches
▪ VLANS

Link Layer 5-47

Ethernet switch
❖ It’s a link-layer device: takes an active
role
▪ store, forward Ethernet frames
▪ Performs switching and filtering based
only on the MAC address
▪ Builds a MAC address table that it uses
to make forwarding decisions
▪ Depends on routers to pass data
between IP subnetworks
❖ transparent
▪ hosts are unaware of presence of
switches
❖ plug-and-play, self-learning
▪ switches do not need to be configuredLink Layer 5-48
Switch: multiple simultaneous
transmissions
❖ hosts have dedicated, A
direct connection to
switch C’ B
❖ switches buffer packets
6 1 2
❖ Ethernet protocol used on
each incoming link, but 5 4 3
no collisions; full duplex
▪ each link is its own B’ C
collision domain
❖ switching: A-to-A’ and B- A’
to-B’ can transmit switch with six interfaces
simultaneously, without (1,2,3,4,5,6)
collisions

Link Layer 5-49

Switch forwarding table
A
Q: how does switch know
A’ reachable via interface C’ B
4, B’ reachable via
❖ A: each switch has a 6 1 2
interface 5?
switch table, each 5 4 3
entry: B’ C
▪ (MAC address of host,
interface to reach host,
A’
time stamp)
Q:▪how are entries
looks like a routing table!
switch with six interfaces
created, maintained in (1,2,3,4,5,6)
switch table?
▪ something like a routing
protocol? Link Layer 5-50
Switch: self-learning Source: A
Dest: A’

A A A’
❖ switch learns which
hosts can be reached B
C’
through which
interfaces 1
6 2
▪ when frame
received, switch 5 4 3
“learns” location
of sender: B’ C
incoming LAN
segment
A’
▪ records
sender/locationMAC addr interface TTL
pair in switch table Switch table
A 1 60
(initially empty)

Link Layer 5-51

Switch: frame
filtering/forwarding
when frame received at switch:

1. record incoming link, MAC address of sending

host
2. index switch table using MAC destination
address
3. if entry found for destination
then {
if destination on segment from which frame
arrived
then drop frame
else forward frame on interface indicated
by entry
}
else flood /* forward on all interfaces except
Link Layer 5-52
Self-learning, forwarding: Source: A
example Dest: A’

A A A’
❖ frame destination,
B
A’, locaton flo C’

unknown:
❖ destination A od 6 1 2

locationselectively
known: A A’
5 4 3
send B’ C
on just one link A’ A

A’

MAC addr interface TTL

A 1 60 switch table
A’ 4 60 (initially empty)

Link Layer 5-53

Interconnecting switches
❖ switches can be connected together
S4

S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E

Q: sending from A to G - how does S1 know

to forward frame destined to F via S4 and
S 3?
❖ A: self learning! (works exactly the same
as in single-switch case!) Link Layer 5-54
Self-learning multi-switch
example
Suppose C sends frame to I, I responds to C

S4

S1
S3
A S2
F
D I
B C
G H
E

❖ Q: show switch tables and packet forwarding in

S1, S 2 , S 3, S 4

Link Layer 5-55

Institutional network
mail server
to external
network
router web server

IP subnet

Link Layer 5-56

Switches vs.
routers application
transport
both are store-and-
datagram network
forward: frame link
▪ routers: network-layer physical frame
link
devices (examine physical
network-layer
headers) switch
▪ switches: link-layer
devices (examine link- network datagram
layer headers) link frame
physical
both have forwarding application
tables: transport
▪ routers: compute network
tables using routing link
algorithms, IP physical
addresses
▪ switches: learn Link Layer 5-57
VLANs: motivation
consider:
❖ CS user moves office
to EE, but wants
connect to CS switch?
❖ single broadcast
domain:
▪ all layer-2
Computer
broadcast traffic
Science Electrical
Computer
Engineering
(ARP, DHCP,
Engineering unknown location
of destination MAC
address) must
cross entire LAN
▪ security/privacy,
efficiency issues
Link Layer 5-58
 port-based VLAN: switch ports
VLANs grouped (by switch
management software) so
that single physical switch
Virtual Local …… 1 7 9 15
Area Network 2 8 10 16

switch(es) supporting
VLAN capabilities can … …
be configured to Electrical Computer
define multiple virtual Engineering
(VLAN ports 1-8)
Science
(VLAN ports 9-15)
LANS over single … operates as multiple virtual
physical LAN switches
infrastructure. 1 7 9 15
2 8 10 16

… …

Electrical Computer
Engineering Science
(VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-16)
Link Layer 5-59
 Port-based VLAN
router
❖ traffic isolation: frames
to/from ports 1-8 can
only reach ports 1-8
▪ can also define VLAN based
on MAC addresses of
endpoints, rather than 1 7 9 15

switch port 2 8 10 16

❖ dynamic membership:
ports can be … …
dynamically assigned Electrical Computer
among VLANs Engineering
(VLAN ports 1-8)
Science
(VLAN ports 9-15)
❖ forwarding between VLANS:
done via routing (just as with
separate switches)
▪ in practice vendors sell
combined switches plus routers

Link Layer 5-60

VLANS spanning multiple
switches
1 7 9 15 1 3 5 7

2 8 10 16 2 4 6 8

… …

Electrical Computer Ports 2,3,5 belong to EE VLAN

Engineering Science Ports 4,6,7,8 belong to CS
(VLAN ports 1-8) (VLAN ports 9-15) VLAN

❖ trunk port: carries frames between VLANS defined

over multiple physical switches
▪ frames forwarded within VLAN between switches can’t be
vanilla 802.1 frames (must carry VLAN ID info)
▪ 802.1q protocol adds/removed additional header fields
for frames forwarded between trunk ports

Link Layer 5-61

802.1Q VLAN frame format
type

preamble dest. source data (payload) CRC

address address 802.1 frame

type

dest. source
preamble
address address
data (payload) CRC 802.1Q frame

2-byte Tag Protocol Identifier Recomputed

(value: 81-00) CRC

Tag Control Information (12 bit VLAN ID field,

3 bit priority field like IP TOS)

Link Layer 5-62

Link layer, LANs: outline
5.1 introduction, 5.7 a day in the life
services of a web request
5.2 error detection,
correction
5.3 multiple access
protocols
5.4 LANs
▪ addressing, ARP
▪ Ethernet
▪ switches
▪ VLANS

Link Layer 5-63

Synthesis: a day in the life of a web
request
❖ journey down protocol stack complete!
▪ application, transport, network, link
❖ putting-it-all-together: synthesis!
▪ goal: identify, review, understand protocols
(at all layers) involved in seemingly simple
scenario: requesting www page
▪ scenario: student attaches laptop to campus
network, requests/receives www.google.com

Link Layer 5-64

 A day in the life: scenario

browse DNS server

r
Comcast network
68.80.0.0/13

school network
68.80.2.0/24

web
page

web server Google’s network

64.233.169.105 64.233.160.0/19

Link Layer 5-65

A day in the life… connecting to the
Internet
DHCP DHC ❖ connecting laptop
P
DHCP
DHCP UDP
needs to get its own IP
DHCP IP address, addr of first-
Eth hop router, addr of
Phy
DHCP DNS server: use DHCP
❖ DHCP request
encapsulated in UDP,
DHC
DHCP
DHCP P
encapsulated in IP,
DHCP UDP encapsulated in 802.3
DHCP IP router Ethernet
Eth (runs DHCP) ❖ Ethernet frame
Phy broadcast (dest:
FFFFFFFFFFFF) on LAN,
received at router
running DHCP
❖ Ethernet server
demuxed to
IP demuxed, UDP
demuxed to DHCP
Link Layer 5-66
A day in the life… connecting to the
Internet
DHCP DHC ❖ DHCP server
DHCP P formulates DHCP ACK
DHCP UDP containing client’s IP
DHCP IP address, IP address of
Eth first-hop router for
Phy client, name & IP
address of DNS
❖ encapsulation atserver
DHCP DHC DHCP server, frame
DHCP P forwarded (switch
DHCP UDP learning) through
DHCP IP router LAN, demultiplexing
(runs DHCP)
DHCP
Eth at client
❖ DHCP client receives
Phy
DHCP ACK reply

Client now has IP address, knows name &

addr of DNS
server, IP address of its first-hop router
Link Layer 5-67
A day in the life… ARP (before DNS,
before HTTP)
DNS DNS ❖ before sending HTTP
DNS UDP request, need IP address of
DNS
ARP
IP www.google.com: DNS
ARP query Eth
Phy ❖ DNS query created,
encapsulated in UDP,
encapsulated in IP,
ARP
encapsulated in Eth. To
ARP reply Eth
Phy send frame to router, need
router ❖ MAC
ARP address of router
query broadcast,
(runs DHCP)
interface: ARP
received by router, which
replies with ARP reply
giving MAC address of
❖ router interface
client now knows MAC
address of first hop router,
so can now send frame
containing DNS query
Link Layer 5-68
A day in the life… using DNSDNS
DNS UDP DNS server
DNS IP
DNS DNS DNS Eth
DNS UDP DNS Phy
DNS IP
DNS Eth
Phy
DNS
Comcast network
68.80.0.0/13

router
❖ IP datagram forwarded
(runs DHCP) from campus network into
❖ IP datagram containing comcast network, routed
DNS query forwarded (tables created by RIP,
via LAN switch from OSPF, IS-IS and/or BGP
client to 1st hop router routing protocols)
❖ demux’ed to DNS to DNS
server
server
❖ DNS server replies to
client with IP address
Link Layer 5-69
of www.google.com
A day in the life…TCP connection
carrying HTTP
HTTP
HTTP
SYNACK
SYN TCP
SYNACK
SYN IP
SYNACK
SYN Eth
Phy

❖ to send HTTP request,

client first opens TCP
socket to web server
router ❖ TCP SYN segment (step 1
(runs DHCP)
SYNACK
SYN TCP in 3-way handshake)
SYNACK
SYN IP inter-domain routed to
SYNACK
SYN Eth web server
Phy ❖ web server responds
with TCP SYNACK (step 2
web server in 3-way handshake)
64.233.169.105 ❖ TCP connection
established!
Link Layer 5-70
A day in the life… HTTP
request/reply
HTTP
HTTP HTTP ❖ web page finally (!!!)
HTTP
HTTP TCP displayed
HTTP
HTTP IP
HTTP
HTTP Eth
Phy

❖ HTTP request sent into

TCP socket
router ❖ IP datagram containing
HTTP (runs DHCP)
HTTP
HTTP TCP
HTTP request routed to
HTTP IP www.google.com
HTTP Eth ❖ web server responds
Phy with HTTP reply
(containing web page)
web server
❖ IP datagram containing
64.233.169.105
HTTP reply routed back to
client
Link Layer 5-71
Chapter 5: Summary
❖ principles behind data link layer
services:
▪ error detection, correction
▪ sharing a broadcast channel: multiple access
▪ link layer addressing
❖ instantiation and implementation of
various link layer technologies
▪ Ethernet
▪ switched LANS, VLANs
▪ virtualized networks as a link layer: MPLS
❖ synthesis: a day in the life of a web
request

Link Layer 5-72

Chapter 5: let’s take a
breath
❖ journey down protocol stack complete
(except PHY)
❖ solid understanding of networking
principles, practice
❖ ….. could stop here …. but lots of
interesting topics!
▪ wireless
▪ multimedia
▪ security
▪ network management

Link Layer 5-73