Logic Flow Control

(Chapter 4—Riggs)

Upcoming assignments:
 Assignment 4 (Functions): due tomorrow, 11:59 PM
 Assignment 5 (Boolean Logic & Logical Operations): due February 07, 11:59 PM

For today’s class:

 Create a new sub-folder, named Lecture6, in your ME2543 folder.
 Open MATLAB and change the path to the Lecture6 folder.
 Be sure to save all exercises done in class (we will be using .m files).
 Logic Flow Control
(Chapter 4—Riggs)

Three ways to execute code:

Sequential Code Selection Code Repetitive Code

Statement 1 Logic Logic

Statement Statement

Statement 2
Code A Code B
Repetitive
Statement 3 Code

 Logic statements are either true or false and can be used to control which code is executed.
 Logic Flow Control
(Chapter 4—Riggs)

Outline of structures:

• if Statements
Selection Statements
• if else Statements

• while Loops
Repetitive Statements
• for Loops

Logic “switches” are needed in almost every program; e.g., pipe flow

Friction factor f depends on

value of Reynolds # Re.

These switches enable the sequence of calculations to change depending on the simulated conditions.
 Logic Components for Flow Control
(Logical and Relational Operators)

Notes:

 Care should be taken when using the == logic component because round-off error can prevent the
statement from working as intended!

 The combinational functions (e.g., AND and OR) are used to combine two or more logic statements into a
more complex switch.

General Framework: x LC y (e.g., x > 1 & x < 6 x<1|x>6)

 Logical Variables (Booleans)

 Boolean data types may have one of two values: true or false.

 Examples:

 Intended to represent the truth values of logic and Boolean algebra.

 Primarily associated with conditional statements that control the flow of data within
programs.
 Logical Variables (Booleans), Cont’d.

 MATLAB has a “logical data type” that has two possible values: true and
false.

• The logical value of true is represented by the value 1.

• The logical value of false is represented by the value 0.

 Note: There is a memory difference in using these data types in

MATLAB
Name Size Bytes Class
ME2543_good = true;
ME2543_good 1x1 1 logical
ME2543_bad = false;
ME2543_bad 1x1 1 logical
ME2543_1 = 1;
ME2543_1 1x1 8 double
ME2543_0 = 0;
ME2543_0 1x1 8 double
whos

whos : list current variables and sizes. Logical type saves memory.
 Comparison/Relational Operators

Operator MATLAB Example Value

symbol

Equals == 5 == 6 False

Not equal to ~= 5 ~= 6 True

Is greater than > 5>6 False

Is less than < 5<6 True

Is greater than or equal to >= 5 >= 5 True

Is less than or equal to <= 6 <= 5 False

 Comparison/Relational Operators

Some Rules:

 Relational operators are used as arithmetic operators within an expression (control data flow
within a program).

 When two numbers are compared, the result is 1 if comparison is true and 0 if it is false.

 If two scalars are compared, the result is a scalar 1 or 0.

 If two arrays are compared (arrays of same size only), the comparison is done element-by-
element.

 If a scalar is compared with an array, the scalar is compared to every element of the array.

 The arithmetic operations (+,-,*,/,\) have precedence over relational operators. Parentheses ()
can be used to alter order of precedence.
 Comparison/Relational Operators

Examples:

 Relational operators may also be used to compare a scalar value with an array.

z = a > b
1 0
0 1

 Relation operators can also be used to compare two arrays of the same size.

z = a >= b
1 0
1 1

 Order of precedence:

3+4<16/2 3+(4<16)/2
ans = 1 ans = 3.5000
 Logical Operators

Operator Operation
& Logical AND
&& Logical AND with shortcut evaluation
| Logical Inclusive OR
|| Logical Inclusive OR with shortcut evaluation
~ Logical NOT

Logical operators are operators with one or two logical operands that yield a logical
result.
Try this
General Framework: x LC y
x > 1 ; x < 6 ; x >= 1 ; (x > 1) & (x < 6); (x < 1) | (x > 6)
 Logical Operators

General Framework: x LC y

Truth Table for Logic Operators: Think of 1 as true and 0 as false!

x y x&y x|y ~x
0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0

Good programming practice:

 Use the & AND if it is necessary to ensure that both operands are evaluated, or if the comparison is
between arrays. Otherwise, use && AND.

 Use the | OR if it is necessary to ensure that both operands are evaluated, or if comparison is between
arrays. Otherwise, use || OR.
 Logical Operators

Some Rules:
 Logical operators have numbers as operands. A nonzero number is true, and a zero
number is false.

 Can be used with scalars and arrays.

 If two scalars are the operands, the result is a scalar 1 or 0.

 If two arrays are the operands (arrays of same size only), the comparison is done element-
by-element.

 If a scalar is one operand and an array is the other, the operation is done between the scalar
and each element of the array.

 The NOT operation has one operand. When used with a scalar, the outcome is scalar 1 or
0. When used with an array, the outcome is an array of same size with 1s for nonzero
numbers and 0s for zero numbers.
 Logical Operators

Examples:

3 & 7
ans = 1 [3 and 7 are both true (nonzero), so outcome is 1]

a = 5|0
a = 1 [1 is assigned to a since at least one number is true]

~25
ans = 0 [25 is true and the opposite is false]

T = 25*((12&0)+(~0)+(0|5))
T = 50

x = [9 3 0 11 0 15]; y = [2 0 13 -11 0 4];

x&y
ans = 1 0 0 1 0 1
 Relational/Logical Operators

 Relational operators produce a single logical value.

x = 9; y = 6;
NOTE the difference between = and == statements!
z = (x == y)
z=0 A logical scalar.

 Relational operators have equal precedence (evaluated left to right).

z = (5 > 3) & (8 < 10) z1 = 5 > 3; z2 = 8 < 10;
z=1 OR z = (z1 & z2)
z=1
 When used on arrays, relational operators are applied element-by-element and
produce a logical array:

x = [6, 3, 9]; y = [14, 2, 9];

z = (x < y)
z=1 0 0 A logical array.
 Relational/Logical Operators

 Equality testing ( == ) can lead to unexpected results due to round-off errors.

• When comparing two floating point numbers for equality, should always test to see if
their difference is less than some small number!

x = 0.0707106781186548
For example: y = 0.0707106781186547

x = 500/(5000*sqrt(2)); y = 600/(6000*sqrt(2));
z = (x == y)
z=0 Gives incorrect result (answer should be true!)

Correct comparison:

abs(x) – abs(y) < 1.0e-14 If this condition is true, then consider

the numbers numerically equal.
 Relational/Logical Operators

Note:
Not all mathematical operations are defined for logical variables:

E.g.,

x = (5>3 & 8<10);

y = sin(x);

Undefined function ‘sin’ for input arguments of type ‘logical’.

 Good Programming Practices
Relational Operations

 Always use the values true/false for logical values—avoid using real 1/0 for logical
values.

 Always add appropriate parentheses to complex logical expressions, even when

they are not required, to make the expressions easier to read.

 Always use == to test for equality of integer or logical variables.

 Never test two floating point numbers for equality—always test the absolute of their
difference to a small number.
 Review: Relational/Logical Operators

Evaluate the following expressions (write down with pen and paper, not in MATLAB):

z = ~(a > b)

z = a > c && b > c

z = c <= d

z = a*b > c

z = a*(b > c)
 if Statements

Basic Form:

if ‘logic statement’ (If the logic statement is TRUE, then the

executable code executable code is executed.)
end

e.g., consider the function:

if (x > 5)
fx = 1;
end;
Can have more complex logical expressions:

𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =1 if 𝑥>5 and 𝑥<10

if x > 5 & x < 10
fx = 1;
end
 if else
Statements
 For the if statement, only one set of commands is executed if the logic statement is
TRUE.
 For the if else statement, the logic statement determines which of two separate codes
are executed:

e.g., in the previous example:

if (x > 5)
fx = 1; Executable code 1
else Logic determines which is executed.
fx = 0; Executable code 2
end
if x < 0
Note: The elseif statement can be used f = 0;
for nested logical statements! elseif x <= 4
f = x;
else
f = 4;
end