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Lecture w3 Cn Osi Tcp-ip Suite

The document discusses the concepts of multiple layering in data communication, focusing on the OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It outlines the functions of each layer in both models and explains the addressing mechanisms used for message delivery. Additionally, it provides examples of communication at various layers and the types of addresses utilized in TCP/IP protocols.

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3 views

Lecture w3 Cn Osi Tcp-ip Suite

The document discusses the concepts of multiple layering in data communication, focusing on the OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It outlines the functions of each layer in both models and explains the addressing mechanisms used for message delivery. Additionally, it provides examples of communication at various layers and the types of addresses utilized in TCP/IP protocols.

Uploaded by

cdy8bcwm4p
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networks

Riphah International University, Lahore


Any Question???
From previous lecture
OBJECTIVES:
❑ To discuss the idea of multiple layering in data communication and
networking and the interrelationship between layers.
❑ To discuss the OSI model and its layer architecture and to show the
interface between the layers.
❑ To briefly discuss the functions of each layer in the OSI model.
❑ To introduce the TCP/IP protocol suite and compare its layers with
the ones in the OSI model.
❑ To show the functionality of each layer in the TCP/IP protocol with
some examples.
❑ To discuss the addressing mechanism used in some layers of the
TCP/IP protocol suite for the delivery of a message from the source
to the destination.

3
Chapter 2.1 Protocol Layers
Outline
2.2 The OSI Model

2.3 TCP/IP Protocol Suite

2.4 Addressing

4
2-1 PROTOCOL LAYERS

• A protocol is required when two entities


need to communicate.
• When communication is not simple, we
may divide the complex task of
communication into several layers. In this
case, we may need several protocols, one for
each layer.
2-2 THE OSI MODEL

• The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a


multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards. Established in
1947.

• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model An


ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications . It was first introduced in the late
1970s.
Note

ISO is the organization;


OSI is the model.
Figure 2.3 The OSI model
OSI Model…

How to Memorize!
Figure 2.4 OSI layers
Figure 2.5 An exchange using the OSI model
Figure 2.6 Summary of OSI Layers
2-3 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

•The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI


model.

•Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not


match exactly with those in the OSI model.

•The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as four


software layers built upon the hardware.

•Today, however, TCP/IP is thought of as a five-layer model


with the layers named similarly to the ones in the OSI model.
Figure 2.7 Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Figure 2.8 TCP/IP and OSI model
Figure 2.9 A private internet
Figure 2.10 Communication at the physical layer
Note

The unit of communication at the physical


layer is a bit.
Figure 2.11 Communication at the data link layer
Note

The unit of communication at the data link


layer is a frame.
Figure 2.12 Communication at the network layer
Note

The unit of communication at the network


layer is a packet.
Figure 2.13 Communication at transport layer
Note

The unit of communication at the transport


layer is a segment, user datagram, or a
segment, depending on the specific
protocol used in this layer.
Figure 2.14 Communication at application layer
Note

The unit of communication at the


application layer is a message.
2-4 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing


the TCP/IP protocols:

• Physical address,
• Logical address,
• Port address, and
• Application-specific address.

Each address is related to a one layer in the TCP/IP


architecture
Figure 2.15 Addresses in the TCP/IP protocol suite
Example 2.3
In Figure 2.16 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a
node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a
link (a LAN). At the data link layer, this frame contains physical (link)
addresses in the header. These are the only addresses needed. The
rest of the header contains other information needed at this level. As
the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the
sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.
The data link layer at the sender receives data from an upper layer. It
encapsulates the data in a frame. The frame is propagated through
the LAN. Each station with a physical address other than 87 drops the
frame because the destination address in the frame does not match
its own physical address. The intended destination computer,
however, finds a match between the destination address in the frame
and its own physical address.
Figure 2.16 Example 2.3: physical addresses
Example 2.4
Most local area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address
written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal
digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
Example 2.5
Figure 2.17 shows a part of an internet with two routers connecting
three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has a pair of addresses
(logical and physical) for each connection. In this case, each
computer is connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to three
networks. So each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection. Although it may be obvious that each router must have a
separate physical address for each connection, it may not be obvious
why it needs a logical address for each connection. The computer
with logical address A and physical address 10 needs to send a
packet to the computer with logical address P and physical address
95. We use letters to show the logical addresses and numbers for
physical addresses, but note that both are actually numbers.
Figure 2.17 Example 2.5: logical addresses
Note

The physical addresses will change from


hop to hop, but the logical addresses
remain the same.
Example 2.6
Figure 2.18 shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at
this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving
computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note that
although both computers are using the same application, FTP,
for example, the port addresses are different because one is a
client program and the other is a server program.
Figure 2.18 Example 2.6: port numbers
Note

The physical addresses change from hop to


hop, but the logical and port addresses
usually remain the same.
Example 2.7
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal
number as shown.

753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single number
PORTS
Application-Specific Addresses

🠶 E-mail Address
🠶 E.g. [email protected]
🠶 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
🠶 E.g. www.superior.edu.pk
Any Question???

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