3 QUARTER

RD

EXAM REVIEW
(STATS & PROB)
MODULE 1:
Random Variables
and Probability
Distributions
What is RANDOM VARIABLE?
• A random variable is a result of chance event, that you can
measure or count.

• A random variable is a numerical quantity that is assigned to the

outcome of an experiment. It is a variable that assumes
numerical values associated with the events of an experiment.

• A random variable is a quantitative variable which values

depends on chance.
Below are some more examples of random variables:

 Number of defective cell phones produced in a manufacturing factory daily.

 Amount of paint needed to repaint a room.
 Amount of time needed to walk from home to school.
 Height of applicants for the Miss Universe pageant.
 Counting of girls, out of 5 children, in a family.
Broad Classification of Variables
Quantitative data may be further classified into:

Discrete Data – those that can be counted. These data

assume only a finite or countable number of values.

Continuous Data – those that can be measured. The

possible values are uncountably infinite.
 Examples of Discrete and Continuous Random Variable
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE CONTINUOS RANDOM VARIABLE

The number of coins that match when The temperature of a cup of tea served at
three coins are tossed at once. a restaurant.

The weight in pounds of a bag of

The number of non-defective I-phone.
powdered milk as relief good last month.

The number of vehicles owned by

The average height of “rubber trees” along
Ambrocio family.
Rovera Street.

The number of arrivals at an emergency The weight of box delivered by the grab
room between 8am to 8pm. driver last December.
Discrete Probability Distribution/Probability Mass Function
• How many possible values/outcome if a coin is tossed? 0,1
• Suppose 3 cellphones are tested. Let D represent the defective scientific
calculator and N for the non-defective. How many possible outcomes will
occur from the experiment? 8
• What would be the probability of picking a club card ? 12/52 or 3/13
• What would be the probability of picking a face card (i.e. a king, queen,
or jack)? 12/52 or 3/13
• What is the probability of rolling-on a fair die “a number less than 4”? 3/6
or 1/2
• What is the probability of rolling-on a fair die “a number greater than 4”?
2/6 or 1/3
Discrete Probability Distribution/Probability Mass Function

X 1 2 3 4 5
P(X)

Given the table above, find:

a) to prove the distribution be a PMF
b) Mean
c) Standard deviation
Discrete Probability Distribution/Probability Mass Function

Given the spinner below:

1) What is the probability that 2 will be selected? 2/8

2) What is the expected outcome (mean) of the spinner?
2.25
3) What is the variance of the spinner? 1.69
EXPECTED VALUE (Mean)
- the mean of the possible values a random variable can
take, weighted by the probability of those outcomes.
- GAIN if the value of the computed mean is positive.
- LOSS if the value of the computed mean is negative.

E(x)= ½ (G)+ ½ (-L)

EXPECTED VALUE (Mean)
A lottery will be conducted for the benefit of the poor but
deserving students of a certain school. Four hundred tickets
will be sold. One ticket will win ₱2,000 and the other tickets
will win nothing.
1) what is the probability that Jayjay will win ₱2,000 if he
bought 1 ticket? 0.25% chance in winning ₱2,000.
2) What is the expected value? 5
EXPECTED VALUE (Mean)
Arroz caldo is always served in canteen every morning. There
is a 30% chance of getting arroz caldo with no egg toppings, a
50% chance of a arroz caldo with 1 egg topping, and a 20%
chance of getting a arroz caldo with 2 egg toppings.
1) What is the expected number of egg toppings sold per
arroz caldo? 0.9
2) What is the probability that you will get 2 eggs? 1/5
MODULE 2:
Normal
Distribution
 Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

 The distribution curve is bell-shaped.

 The curve is symmetrical about its
center.
 The mean, the median, and the mode
coincide at the center.
 The width of the curve is determined
by the standard deviation of the
distribution.
 Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

 The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely

along the horizontal axis, always approaching
the axis but never touching it. That is, the
curve is asymptotic to the base line.

 The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it

represents the probability or proportion or
the percentage associated with specific sets
of measurement values.

 There are six z-scores at the base line of the

normal curve.
Normal Curve
Given the figure below:

1) What is the area between 20 and 60 of the normal curve? 0.9050

2) What is the area to the right of 50? 0.2033
3) What is the combined area to the left of 16 and to the right of 52?
0.1815
Normal Curve
Identify the area of the following probability notation:
a)P(−2.15<Z<−1.09)
b)P(−0.93<Z<0.55)
c)P(0.33<Z<0.96)
Solve for the percentile of the following numbers.
a) 30th
b) 52nd
c) 15th
d) 88th
MODULE 3:
Random
Sampling
 Ter Description
m
- A smaller group of individuals or objects that are
Sample
selected from the population to collect data from.
The sample is used to draw conclusions about the
entire population.

- The entire group that a researcher wants to

Population
study. This could be a group of people, objects,
events, organizations, or anything else.
Random sampling is a selection of elements
derived from the population, which is the
subject of an investigation or experiment,
where each point of the sample has an equal
chance of being selected using the
appropriate sampling technique.
 Types of Random Sampling
Techniques
Simple Random/Lottery Sampling – a sampling
technique by which every member of the population
has an equal chance to be chosen as sample (drawn
Where:
by lot)Slovin’s Formula
n = number of samples needed
N = population size
n= e = margin of error (Note: use 5%
margin of error if it is not stated in the
problem)
 Types of Random Sampling
Techniques
Systematic Sampling – a sampling technique by
which every member of the population is selected
with a random start .
Where:
= sample interval
= = population size
= sample size
 Types of Random Sampling
Techniques
Stratified Random sampling – a sampling
technique that is used when the population
can be classified into groups or strata based on
some characteristics such as age, gender or
socioeconomic status.
 Types of Random Sampling
Techniques
Cluster sampling – a sampling technique by
which the sample is taken from different levels
generally from higher levels to lower levels

Multi-Stage Sampling – a sampling technique

that is done using the combination of different
sampling techniques.
 PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
Parameter – describes the entire population. The
fact is about the whole population that is easy to
figure out because the groups are small enough
to measure.
– denoted by Greek letters : Population mean (),
population variance (), population standard
deviation ()
 PARAMETER AND STATISTIC
Statistic – describes a sample as an estimate for
the whole population. The fact is about a very
large population in which you can’t imagine the
time and money to be spent to survey the entire
population.
– denoted by Roman letters : Sample mean (),
sample variance (), sample standard deviation ()
“A person
who never
made a
mistake
never tried