Chapter 11

Program Development and

Programming Languages

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Overview

• This chapter covers:

• The most common approaches to program design and development
• The phases of the program development life cycle (P DLC)
• Tools that can be used to design and develop a program
• Good program design techniques and types of program errors
• Popular programming languages
• Markup and scripting languages

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Approaches to Program Design and Development

• Procedural programming separates a program into small modules that are

called by the main program or another module when needed
• Allows each procedure to be performed as many times as needed; multiple
copies of code not needed
• Prior to procedural programming, programs were one large set of instructions
(used GOTO statements)
• Structured programming goes even further, breaking the program into small
modules and prohibiting GOTO
• Variables are named memory locations that are defined for a program
• Used to store the current value of data items used in the program

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Examples of Structured Programming Modules

FIGURE 11-1: Structured programming. A structured program is divided into individual

modules; each module represents a very specific processing task.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Object-oriented programming (OOP) consist of a collection of objects that

contain data and methods to be used with that data
• Class: A group of objects that share some common properties
• Attributes: Data that describes the object
• Methods: Perform actions on an object
• Can be used with different types of objects
• Instance: An individual object in a class
• Inherits the attributes and methods of the class
• The values of attributes may vary from instance to instance
• Objects can be accessed by multiple programs

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Example of a Class Diagram

FIGURE 11-2: Button class. This class diagram illustrates that each object (instance) in the
Button class has four attributes to hold data about the current state of the button and three
methods to perform actions when messages are received.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Aspect-Oriented Programming and Adaptive/Agile
Software Development
• Aspect-oriented programming (AOP) separates functions so program
components can be developed and modified individually from one another
• The components can be easily reused
• Adaptive software development adapts programs as they are being written
• Typically iterative and/or incremental development
• Agile software development (ASD) can create software quickly
• Focuses on building small functional program pieces as the project progresses
• Emphasizes teams of people working closely together (programmers, managers,
business experts, customers, and so forth)
• Some mobile developers are using continuous mobile innovation

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Program Development Life Cycle (P DLC)

• Program development (application software development) is the process of

creating application programs
• Program development life cycle (PDLC) includes the five phases of
program development
• Typically takes place during the system acquisition phase of the S DLC
• One completed, the SDLC continues

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Program Development Life Cycle Illustrated

FIGURE 11-3: The program development life cycle (P DLC). Each phase of the program
development life cycle produces some type of documentation to pass on to the next phase.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Problem Analysis

• During problem analysis, the problem is considered and the program

specifications are developed
• Specifications developed during the S DLC are reviewed by the systems analyst and
the programmer (the person who will code the program)
• Goal is to understand the functions the software must perform, determine the
appropriate programming language, determine how the program interacts with other
programs, etc.
• Documentation: Program specifications that outline what the program must do

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Program Design

• During program design, the program specifications are used to develop an

algorithm (the steps the program must do) for that program
• Careful planning and design of a computer program are extremely important
• Good program design helps the development process as well as makes
revisions easier to do in the future
• The coding stage cannot occur until the program design is complete and tested

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Program Design Tools: Structure Charts and
Flowcharts
• Structure charts (hierarchy charts) FIGURE 11-4: A flowchart example.
depict the overall organization of a
program
• Shows program modules and
hierarchy
• Flowcharts show the step-by-step
logic for a program, module, or
method
• Use special symbols and relational
operators
• Can be drawn by hand or with
flowcharting software

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Program Design Tools: Wireframes

• A wireframe is a visual representation FIGURE 11-5: Wireframes.

of the overall design and logic of an
application
• Traditionally focus is on the visual
functional elements
• Now also describes the flow of logic
particularly in mobile apps
• Wireframe software can be used

Source: Robbin Smart

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Program Design Tools: Pseudocode

• Pseudocode uses English-like FIGURE 11-6: Pseudocode. For the

statements to outline the logic of a flowchart logic shown in Figure 11-4.
program rather than the flowchart’s
graphical symbols
• No formal standard

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Program Design Tools: Unified Modeling
Language (UML)
• Unified Modeling Language (UML) FIGURE 11-7: Class diagrams. This example
is a set of standard notations for shows one class and two instances of that class.
creating business models
• Widely used in object-oriented
programs
• Includes class diagrams and use
case diagrams

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Control Structures (1 of 2)

• A control structure illustrates when, how, and in what order the statements in
a computer program, module, or method are performed
• Sequence control structure
• Series of statements that follow one another
• Selection control structure
• Multiple paths, direction depends on the result of a certain condition
• If-then-else (two possibilities)
• Case control structure (more than two possibilities)

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Control Structures (2 of 2)

• Repetition control structure (iteration control structure)

• Series of statements in a loop that are repeated until a particular condition is met
• Do while structure
• Statements are repeated as long as a condition is true
• If initially false, statements will not be executed
• Do until structure
• Statements are repeated until a condition is true
• Statements are always executed one time

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Examples of Control Structures

FIGURE 11-8: The three

fundamental control structures.
Note that each structure example
has only one entry point and only
one exit point.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Good Program Design

• Good program design

• Be specific
• All things the program must do or consider must be specified
• Follow the one-entry-point/one-exit-point rule
• Only one entry and one exit for each control structure
• No infinite loops or logic errors
• An infinite loop is a series of steps that repeat forever
• These and other logic errors need to be uncovered during testing

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Example of Writing Instructions for a Computer
versus a Person
FIGURE 11-9: Writing instructions for a computer versus a person. A
computer requires step-by-step instructions.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Program Design Testing

• Program design testing

• Design should be tested to ensure logic is correct
• Desk check flowcharts on paper
• Tracing tables can help keep track of variable values
• Documentation: Design specifications
• Design specifications; often using design tools like structure charts, flowcharts,
wireframes, pseudocode, UML models, revised UI designs, etc.
• Include any test data and results from desk checking

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Example of Desk Checking a Flowchart

FIGURE 11-10: Desk

checking a flowchart.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Program Coding

• Program coding involves writing code using a programming language

• Choosing a programming language
• Suitability to the application
• Integration with other programs
• Standards for the company
• Programmer availability
• Portability if being run on multiple platforms
• Development speed

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Coding Process and Standards

• Programs are coded in a specific language using the appropriate program

language application
• The resulting program is source code
• Coding standards are rules set by organizations designed to standardize
programming styles
• Makes programs more readable and easier to maintain
• Includes the proper use of comments to:
• Identify the programmer and last modification date
• Explain variables used in the program
• Identify the main parts of the program

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Examples of Program Comments

FIGURE 11-11: Program comments.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Reusable Code

• Reusable code is pretested, error-free code segments that can be used over
and over again with minor modifications
• Can greatly reduce development time
• Class libraries
• Documentation: Documented source code
• Completed source code in the desired language that implements the logic
illustrated by the program design specifications
• Should include enough comments (internal documentation) so that the source
code is easy to understand and update

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Technology and You

Programming Contests
• One example is the TopCoder
Open
• Six competitions
• Initial qualifying rounds are online
• 12 semifinalists compete on site
• $300,000 in prizes
• Other competitions are available
online
Source: TopCoder
TopCoder Open competitors.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Program Debugging and Testing

• Program debugging and testing is the process of ensuring a program is

free of errors (bugs) and works as it is supposed to
• Translating coded programs into executable code
• Coded programs need to be translated from source code written by the
programmer to object code the computer can execute
• Converted using a language translator (a program that converts source code to
object code)
• Typically included in the programming application

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Compilers, Interpreters, and Assemblers

• Compiler FIGURE 11-12: Compiler and linkage editor.

A compiler and a linkage editor convert source
• Language translator that converts an code into executable code.
entire program into machine
language before executing it
• Designed for specific programming
languages such as Java or Python
• Interpreter
• Translates one line of code at one
time
• Assembler
• Converts assembly language
programs into machine language
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Inside the Industry

The Original Program “Bug”

• A bug is an error that causes a
program to malfunction
• First recorded instance of the term
“bug” occurred in 1945
• Short circuit caused by a moth caught
between two contacts in one of the
computer’s relays
Source: U.S. Navy
The dead moth that caused the temporary
failure of the Mark II computer in 1945, thought
to be the origin for the computer term bug, was
taped into the actual log book for that computer.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Preliminary Debugging

• Compiler errors occur as a program is being compiled or interpreted

• Often syntax errors – errors that occur when the programmer has not followed
the rules of the programming language
• Spell a command wrong, faulty punctuation, etc.
• Error messages are typically displayed
• Run time errors occur when the program is running
• Often logic errors – errors in the logic of the program
• Program will run but produces incorrect results
• Dummy print statements can help locate the error

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Example of a Syntax Error

FIGURE 11-13: Syntax errors. Occur when the syntax (grammar rules) for a program is
not followed precisely; they become obvious when compiling a program.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Example of a Logic Error and Dummy Print
Statements
FIGURE 11-14: Logic errors. Are more difficult to identify; dummy print statements can
help determine the error.

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Testing

• Testing occurs after the preliminary debugging process to find any additional
errors
• Use good test data—data that is very similar to the actual data that will be used
in the finished program
• Test to see how the program handles nonstandard situations or possible input
errors
• Alpha tests are on site
• Beta tests are outside tests
• Documentation: Completed program package
• Test data, test results, finished program code, and other documentation
• User documentation (users’ manual, etc.)

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Program Implementation and Maintenance

• Program implementation and maintenance includes:

• Implementation: Getting the tested program installed and up and running
• Program maintenance: Updating software as needed so it continues to be useful
• Documentation: Amended program package
• Program package should be updated to reflect new problems or issues that
occur and what changes to the program were necessary

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Quick Quiz 1

1. Which approach to programming uses the concept of inheritance?

a. procedural
b. object-oriented
c. structured
2. True or False: An infinite loop is an example of a logic error.
3. A program design tool that uses English-like statements to outline the logic
of a program is known as ___________.

Answers:
1) b; 2) True; 3) pseudocode

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Tools for Facilitating Program Development

• Application lifecycle management (ALM) tools create and manage an

application during its entire lifecycle, from design through retirement
• Requirements management keeps track of and managing the program
requirements as they are defined and modified
• Configuration management keeps track of the progress of a program
development project
• Issue tracking records issues such as bugs or other problems that arise during
development or implementation

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Example of Issue Tracking Software

FIGURE 11-15: Issue tracking

software. Allows you to track issues
during the development and life of an
application, such as the game app
shown here.

Source: Atlassian
Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Application Generators and Device Development
Tools
• Application generators are software program that helps programmers
develop software
• Macro: A sequence of saved actions that can be replayed when needed
• Written in a macro programming language such as Visual Basic for Applications or
recorded
• Report generator: A tool that prepares reports to be used with a software
program quickly and easily
• User interface (UI) builder: Creates the menus, forms, and input screens used
with a program or database
• Device development tools assist with developing embedded software to be
used on devices, such as cars, ATM machines, and consumer devices

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Examples of User Interface (UI ) Builders
FIGURE 11-16: User interface (UI) builders.

Source: OpenGate Software

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
SDKs, APIs, and IDEs

• A software development kit (SDK) is a set of development tools for a

particular platform or programming language
• Enable programmers to develop applications more quickly and easily
• Android SDK, iOS SDK, etc.
• An application program interface (API) helps applications interface with a
particular operating system, Web site, or device
• Google’s Maps API, Google’s OpenSocial API, etc
• An integrated development environment (IDE) includes a collection of
tools for one or more particular programming languages that have a
common interface and are used to develop and test software for one or
more platforms

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Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Quick Quiz 2

1. Which tool is includes a variety of tools (such as a UI builder and source

code editor) for one or more languages?
a. integrated development environment (I DE)
b. application lifecycle management (A LM)
c. application program interface (A PI)
2. True or False: A software development kit (SDK) is designed for a
particular platform and allows programmers to develop applications quickly
for that platform.
3. A(n) __________ is a sequence of saved actions that can be replayed
whenever needed within the application program in which it was created.
Answers:
1) a; 2) True; 3) macro
Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Languages Used For Application Development

• A programming language is a set of rules, words, symbols, and codes

used to write computer programs
• To write a program, you need the appropriate software for the programming
language being used
• Markup languages are most often used to create Web pages and Web
applications
• Use markup tags to identify elements and their properties
• Scripting languages are interpreted instead of compiled, so they are
executed one command at a time and at the time they are run
• Most often used to add dynamic content

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Trend

Mobile UX
• UX (user experience) guidelines:
• Determine the primary objectives of
the application and your targeted
audience
• Keep the design simple, clean,
efficient, and task-oriented
• Make the application fast and
responsive
• Don’t require sign-in if not necessary
• Be aware of emerging trends Source: hats.com
It is important to create a good user
experience (UX).
Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Low-Level Programming Languages

• Low-level languages (earliest programming languages)

• Machine language
• Written at a very low level, just using 1s and 0s
• First generation of programming languages
• Assembly language
• Uses names and other symbols to replace some of the 1s and 0s in machine
language
• Second generation of programming languages
• Programs take longer to write and maintain

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Example of Machine and Assembly Language

FIGURE 11-18: Assembly and machine language.

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High-Level Programming Languages

• High-level languages: Closer to natural languages

• Machine-independent
• Most are 3GLs and can be:
• Procedural languages (Fortran, BASIC, C OBOL, C, etc.)
• Object-oriented languages (C++, C#, Python, Java, etc.)
• Can be visual programming environments (V PEs), which allow programmers to
create the interface graphically
• Dragging and dropping objects and then defining their appearance and behavior
• Often assist in creating code
• Can be visual programming languages which create programs entirely using
graphical elements
• Scratch
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 Scratch

FIGURE 11-19: Scratch.

Source: Scratch is a project of the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the M IT Media Lab

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)

• Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) (very-high-level languages)

• Even closer to natural languages and easier to work with than high-level
languages
• Declarative rather than procedural
• You tell the computer what to do and it figures out how to do it
• Commonly used to access databases
• Structured query language (SQL)
• Can result in less efficient code when compiled

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Common Programming Languages: Fortran

• Fortran, originally called FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)

• High-level programming language used for mathematical, scientific, and
engineering applications
• Still used today for high-performance computing tasks (weather forecasting)
• Fortress is a similar program designed for high-performance computing
• Takes advantage of multi-core processors and computers with multiple processors
• An open source program but is not being updated

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
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A Sample Fortran Program

FIGURE 11-20: The adding-two numbers Program written in Fortran.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
COBOL

• COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language)

• Designed for business transaction processing
• Makes extensive use of modules
• Strength lies in batch processing and its stability
• Programs are lengthy and take a long time to write
• Considered to be outdated but still a need for C OBOL programs because
existing business applications are still written in C OBOL
• New versions are evolving
• Object-oriented COBOL programs
• COBOL.NET

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A Sample COBOL Program

FIGURE 11-21: The adding-two numbers Program written in C OBOL.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Pascal, BASIC, and Visual Basic

• Pascal
• Named after mathematician Blaise Pascal
• Created as a teaching tool to encourage structured programming
• Contains a variety of control structures used to manipulate modules
systematically
• BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
• Easy-to-learn, high-level programming language that was developed to be used
by beginning programmers
• Used for interactive programs
• Visual Basic: Version of BASIC that uses a visual environment

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C, C++, C#, Objective-C, Swift, and F#

• C: A powerful and flexible language used for a variety of applications

• Much closer to assembly language than other high-level languages
• C++: Object-oriented version of C
• C# (C-sharp): A hybrid of C and C++
• Most often used to create Web and Windows applications
• Objective-C: A version of C used to write programs for Apple devices
• Being replaced by Swift
• F#: Developed for .NET platform as an improvement to C#

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
A Sample C++ Program

FIGURE 11-22: The adding-two numbers Program written in C ++.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Java and Dart

• Java: Object-oriented programming language commonly used for Web-

based applications
• Developed by Sun Microsystems and is now open source
• Java programs are compiled into bytecode
• Can run on any computer that includes Java Virtual Machine (Java V M)
• Can be used to write Java applets (small programs inserted into Web pages and
run by browsers)
• Dart: Open source, object-oriented programming language developed by
Google
• Designed to replace JavaScript in Web applications
• Similar multiple data elements can be manipulated together

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
A Sample Java Program

FIGURE 11-23: The adding-two numbers program written in Java.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
A Sample Dart Program

• Dart apps can run directly in Dartium

• For other browsers, much be compiled to JavaScript code
FIGURE 11-24: The adding-two numbers program written in Dartium.

Source: Google Inc.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Python

• Python: An open-source, dynamic, object-oriented language that can be

used to develop a variety of applications
• Can run on a variety of computers (Windows, Linux, U NIX, OS X, etc.) and on
some mobile devices
• Better code readability
• Used by large organizations and some colleges, such as M IT, are using Python
for some programming courses instead of more traditional languages

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
A Sample Python Program

FIGURE 11-25: The adding-two numbers program written in Python.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
How It Works

Creating Apps Using the Android

SDK and Eclipse
1. Create a new project
2. Modify the blank activity XML file
to add needed elements, then
edit the XML code as needed to
finish the UI
3. Modify the Java code as needed
to perform the needed actions
4. Run the app using the Android
Emulator and then edit the app
as needed Source: Google Inc.; The Eclipse Foundation

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Markup Languages: HTML

• Define the structure, layout, and general appearance of the content located
on a Web page
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): The markup language designed for
creating Web pages
• Use HTML tags - Text-based codes embedded into a Web page’s source code
• Indicate the location and appearance of content on that Web page
• Some are paired tags
• The Web browser, browser settings, and device used ultimately determine what
the Web page will look like

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Examples of HTML Tags (1 of 2)

FIGURE 11-26: Simple HTML tags.

TAG PURPOSE
<html></html> Marks the beginning and end of an HTML document.
<head></head> Marks the head section, which contains the page title and meta
tags.
<title></title> Marks the title of the Web page.
<body></body> Contains all the content of the Web page , including text, hyperlinks,
and images.
<h1></h1> to<h6></h6> Formats headings larger or smaller than the regular (non-heading)
text in the document; H1 is the largest text.
<img> Indicates an image file to be inserted; attributes included within this
tag specify the image filename, display size, alternative text, title,
border, etc.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Examples of HTML Tags (2 of 2)

TAG PURPOSE
<a></a> Defines a hyperlink using the specified URL; can include an
image file name, hyperlink text, and other attributes.
<b></b> Bolds text.
<!-- --> Indicates a comment that won’t display when the Web page is
viewed.
<hr> Inserts a horizontal rule.
<p> Inserts a paragraph break (starts a new paragraph).

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
XML and XHTML

• XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a set of rules for exchanging data

over the Web
• “Extensible” because the data contained in X ML documents can be extracted
when needed and used in a variety of ways
• Identifies only the data itself, not the format of that data
• XML tags are assigned to data and vary from one organization to the next
• Allows easy retrieval and updating of data
• XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language) is a version of HTML that
is based on XML
• Supports both XHTML and XML tags

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
HT M L 5

• HTML5 is the current version of HTML

• Designed to replace both H TML and XHTML
• Supports the creation of more complex and dynamic Web pages and
applications
• HTML5 pages have three main sections (declaration, head, and body)
• Support new HTML5 tags
• Audio and video tags
• Tags to better identify the parts of a Web page
• Canvas tag, which creates a bitmapped work surface
• No proprietary software is required

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Example of an HTML5 Web page

FIGURE 11-27: An example of HTML5 source code and its corresponding web page.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Scripting Languages

• Scripting languages
• Add dynamic content to a Web page
• Scripts are embedded into a Web page’s code
• Scripts are used as middleware to tie a Web site to a database
• Scripts can be run:
• By the Web browser being used to view the Web page (client-side script)
• By the Web server hosting the Web page being viewed (server-side script)

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Examples of Scripting Languages

• JavaScript was developed to enable Web authors to implement interactive

content on Web sites
• Client-side scripts; embedded into Web page source code either as direct
commands or a link to an external .js file
• VBScript (Visual Basic Scripting Edition) was developed by Microsoft for
purposes similar to JavaScript
• Can be used for both client-side and server-side scripts
• PHP is commonly used to create dynamic Web pages
• Server-side scripts
• Perl is one of the most popular languages for writing CGI scripts that accept
data from and return data to a Web server

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Example of JavaScript

FIGURE 11-28: Javascript is commonly used on web pages.

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Quick Quiz 3

1. An example of a high-level programming language is __________.

a. Java
b. assembly language
c. HTML

2. True or False: Dart programs can only be executed in Dartium, a Dart-

enabled browser.
3. The scripting language designed to replace both HTML and XHTML is
__________.

Answers:
1) a; 2) False; 3) HTML5
Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary

• Approaches to Program Design and Development

• The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Tools for Facilitating Program Development
• Languages Used for Application Development

Deborah Morley/Charles S. Parker, Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, Comprehensive, 16th Edition. © 2017 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.