ARES 1:

RESEARCH AND
DAILY LIFE 1
LESSON 5: LEARNING
FROM OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
WHAT IS LITERATURE
 Literature is an oral or written record of man’s
significant experiences that are expressed in an
ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly.
Direct expressions is in books, journals, periodic
papers, and online reading materials. Indirect
expressions are not written or spoken at all but is
mirror image of his environment (Ridley, 2012).
WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEW
 A literature review is a summary of studies related to a
particular area of literature review of research. It identifies and
summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a
particular topic.
 The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and
other sources relevant to a particular area of research.
 The review should enumerate, describe, summarize,
evaluate and clarify this previous research.
 The literature review acknowledges the work of previous
researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your
work has been well conceived.
 WHAT IS IT?
 A review of related literature is the process of collecting,
selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and
other reference materials. The following information may be
collected:
1. Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas.
2. Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and
certain variables that is connected to the problem.
3. Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem.
4. Detailed and broad results of related studies.
5. Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in
related studies
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
 The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find
out the similarities and differences between the past and present studies,
to get ideas into the critical and controversial aspects of the problem.
1. Helps recognize and define a research problem.
2. Gives the researcher a background analysis aspect, which have been
studied.
3. Guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism of the research
methods; this also provides the thoughts to advance with the study
until its conclusion.
4. Avoids redundant duplication of a study.
5. Enriches your background knowledge on your research topic that will
enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of your research
endeavor.
CRITERIA IN SELECTING,
CITING,
AND SYNTHESIZING
RELATED
LITERATURE
 An effective literature review selects the right and
specific write ups that give close information to an
identified topic, scrutinize and synthesize content about
key themes or issues, cites properly authors of
information gathered, identify similarities and
differences between chosen literatures and a lot more.
 Selecting, citing and synthesizing related literature
needs a thorough development of skills in searching,
reading, paraphrasing, writing, and even creating your
own page of article after reviewing a whole bunch of
related sources.
SELECTING THE LITERATURE
 Here are questions to guide you in selecting, citing,
and synthesizing related literature.
 What is your prior knowledge about your research topic?
 What do you have to critically say about your prior
knowledge the topic?
 What do you want to know more about your topic?
 Did anyone do a similar research as yours?
 What does your research have that other researches do
not?
 Who are these authors who have works which has more
or less same ideas as yours?
STEP 1: SEARCH FOR THE
LITERATURE
 There are many sources of information available such as the
Internet, books, peer-reviewed articles in journals,
publications, unpublished works like theses and dissertations
(detailed and comprehensive accounts of a research work
submitted for a higher degree at a university), conference
proceedings (brief summaries of research work presented at
conferences),books, leaflets, posters, blogs, and other library
materials offline and online
STEP 2: READING AND
CITING SOURCE OF
MATERIAL

In reviewing related literature, you come up with ideas
borrowed from someone else; therefore, it is but polite,
honesty, and courtesy to learn to acknowledge other people’s
intellectual rights and to avoid plagiarism. The following are
three terms to express recognition of author’s ownership of
borrowed ideas (Sharp, 2012).
1. Acknowledgment. It identifies individuals who have
contributed to the making of the manuscript, written at the
start of the paper.
STEP 2: READING AND
CITING SOURCE OF
MATERIAL
2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all
books, journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned
above. References are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of
sequence as it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the
information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the
referencing list involves the following:
1. a. Author’s name
2. b. Date of the publication of the source.
3. c. Page number where you found the information.
4. d. Publisher
5. e. Place of Publishing
6. f. Volume
7. g. Edition
8. h. Other relevant information date of access
EXAMPLE OF REFERENCES
 Baptista, P. Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the Classroom.
August 15, 2014.
http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-hydroponics-in-the-classroom/
 Benton,J.J.2004.Hydroponics. A practical guide for the soiless
grower.2nd Edition,CRC press pp.35-150.
 Brechner, M. Floating Hydroponics: A Guide to Student Experiments
Growing Plants without Soil. Cornell University.
http://csip.cornell.edu. Divina, J. C. 2015.
 Lettuce Production Guide.Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Plant
Industry-National Crop Research and Development Center.
Retrievedfromhttp://bpi.da.gov.ph/bpi/images/Production_guide/pdf/
Lettuce.pdf. Accessed 12/7/2018
CITATION
 Citation, or . Referring author within the main body of the In-
text-citation text. Citations can be done by paraphrasing,
summarizing, or through quotations. It can be written in the
beginning of a text, between the text, or at the last part of the
paragraph. Examples are shown:
 Sanchez (2015) found building food systems that are more out
sustainable, resilient and responsive …
 A study by Chojnacka (2012) revealed that extracts derived from algae
contain such components as polysaccharides
  There are three basic methods of referencing the author
referred in your paper. These are the APA(American
Psychological Association), MLA(Modern Language
Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. We will be
focusing on the two most commonly used styles of
referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA is the most
frequently used within the social sciences in citing various
sources. The following table shows examples of MLA and APA
styles of referencing:
Features in writing APA System MLA System
Author’s name Carreon, J.B. Carreon, Janice B.
Title of the reading Phenombased learning: the new Phenombased Learning: The
material approach New Approach; or
Phenombased Learning: The
New Approach
Copyright date Carreon, J.B. 2019. Phenombased Carreon, Janice B.
learning: the new approach. Phenombased Le ning: The ar
EduTech Journal. Wordstar Press New Approach. EduTech
Inc. Manila, Philippines Journal. Wordstar Press.2016.
Manila, Philippines
STEP 3: CREATING OR
SYNTHESIZING YOUR
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
Developing your review of related literature by gathering ideas from other
researches can be done by some patterns or techniques like paraphrasing,
quoting, and summarizing it.
In paraphrasing, you may either change the arrangement of ideas, structures
of language by using synonyms, changing format of words by comparison
contrast, chronological order, passive-active sentences, inductive-deductive
order, or by fusing opinions with the author’s ideas.
In quoting, a part of an author’s words are repeated in writing but the page
number of copied text should be written, ideas must be essential and
quoted judiciously, meaning with full understanding.
Summarizing is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own
language, picking only the most important details of the text. Paraphrasing on
the other hand permits you to explain the idea in your own words.