Work, Energy, and

Power
AN OVERVIEW OF KEY CONCEPTS
Introduction to Work and Energy

 Definition of Work
 Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of
the force.
 Work = Force x Distance (W = F x d cos θ)
 Formula
 Work(W)=Force(F)×Distance(d)
 Units
 Work is measured in Joules (J).
 1 Joule = 1 Newton meter (1 J = 1 N·m)
Introduction to Work and
Energy
 Definition of Energy  Types of Energy
 Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion

Energy is the
 Potential Energy: Stored energy

due to position

capacity to do work.  Thermal Energy: Energy due to

temperature
 Chemical Energy: Energy stored in
 It exists in different chemical bonds
 Electrical Energy: Energy of moving
forms and can be electrons
converted from one  Nuclear Energy: Energy stored in
the nucleus of an atom
form to another.
 Light Energy: Energy carried by
light waves
Types of Work
1. Positive Work 3. Zero Work
 Definition: When the force and  Definition: When the force is
the displacement are in the same perpendicular to the direction of
direction. displacement or when there is no

displacement.
Example: Pushing a car forward.
 Example: Carrying a box at a constant
height (force is vertical, displacement is
2. Negative Work horizontal).
 Definition: When the force and Examples:
the displacement are in opposite  Positive Work: Pushing a shopping
directions. cart.
 Example: Applying brakes to a  Negative Work: Walking downhill
moving car (friction does (gravity does negative work).
negative work).
 Zero Work: Holding a heavy object
without moving.
Kinetic Energy
 Definition
• Kinetic Energy is the energy an object possesses due
to its motion.
• It depends on the mass and velocity of the object.

• FORMULA:
Kinetic Energy: Examples

 Moving Car: A car moving at high speed has

significant kinetic energy.
 Thrown Ball: A baseball thrown by a pitcher
has kinetic energy.
 Running Person: A sprinter running on a
track has kinetic energy.
Potential Energy
Definition
 Potential Energy is the energy stored in an object due to its
position or configuration.
 It has the potential to do work when the position or configuration
changes.

Types of Potential Energy

 Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy stored due to an
object's height above the ground.
 Elastic Potential Energy: Energy stored in elastic materials as
the result of their stretching or compressing.
Potential Energy

 FORMULA:
ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY
Examples

 Gravitational Potential Energy: A book on

a shelf has gravitational potential energy due
to its height above the ground.

 Elastic Potential Energy: A compressed

spring or a stretched rubber band stores
elastic potential energy.
Mechanical Energy
Definition
 Mechanical Energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential
energy in an object.
 It represents the total energy associated with the motion and
position of an object.
Conservation of Mechanical
Energy
 Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy: In an isolated
system, the total mechanical energy remains constant if only
conservative forces are acting.
 This means that energy can be transformed from kinetic to
potential energy or vice versa, but the total mechanical energy
remains the same.

 Example: A pendulum's mechanical energy is conserved as it

swings back and forth, converting between kinetic and potential
energy.
Energy Resources
Renewable Resources
 Definition: Energy sources that are naturally replenished and
sustainable over the long term.

 Examples:
 Solar Energy: Energy from the sun captured using solar panels.
 Wind Energy: Energy generated from wind using wind turbines.
 Hydro Energy: Energy generated from the movement of water
using hydroelectric power plants.
Energy Resources

Non-renewable Resources
 Definition: Energy sources that cannot be replenished on a
human timescale and are finite.

 Examples:
 Fossil Fuels: Includes coal, oil, and natural gas. Formed from the
remains of ancient plants and animals.
 Nuclear Energy: Energy released during nuclear fission or fusion,
particularly from uranium.
Energy Resources: Advantages
and Disadvantages of
Renewable
Solar Energy: Energy
 Advantages: Abundant, renewable, low operating costs, no
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Disadvantages: Intermittent (depends on weather and time of day),
high initial costs, requires large areas for panels.

 Wind Energy:
 Advantages: Renewable, no greenhouse gas emissions, low
operating costs.
 Disadvantages: Intermittent (depends on wind availability), noise
pollution, impact on wildlife (e.g., birds).
Energy Resources: Advantages and
Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
Hydro Energy:

 Advantages: Renewable, reliable, capable of

generating large amounts of power, no
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Disadvantages: High initial costs, environmental
impact (disruption of aquatic ecosystems),
displacement of communities.
Energy Resources: Advantages and
Disadvantages of Non-Renewable Energy
Fossil Fuels:
 Advantages: High energy density, reliable and continuous power
supply, well-established technology and infrastructure.
 Disadvantages: Non-renewable, significant greenhouse gas
emissions, air and water pollution, extraction impacts ecosystems.

Nuclear Energy:
 Advantages: High energy density, low greenhouse gas emissions during
operation, reliable power supply.
 Disadvantages: Non-renewable, radioactive waste disposal issues, high
initial costs, risk of accidents (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima).
Forms of Energy

 Thermal Energy
 Chemical Energy
 Electrical Energy
 Nuclear Energy
 Light Energy
 Sound Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Definition:
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy
cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one
form to another.

Key Concept:
The total energy in an isolated system remains constant
over time.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Statement of the Law:

Formal Statement:
"In a closed system, the total energy remains
constant. Energy can change forms but the total
amount of energy remains unchanged."
Law of Conservation of Energy
Mathematical Representation:

𝐸total=𝐸kinetic+𝐸potential+𝐸other​

Δ𝐸total=0
Law of Conservation of Energy
Examples in Technology:

Hydroelectric Power Plants:

• Potential energy of water in dams converts to
kinetic energy, then to electrical energy.
Batteries:
• Chemical energy transforms into electrical energy
to power devices.
Internal Combustion Engines:
• Chemical energy in fuel converts to kinetic energy
and thermal energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Examples in Nature:

Waterfall:
• Potential energy of water at the top converts to
kinetic energy as it falls.

Photosynthesis:
• Solar energy is transformed into chemical energy in
plants.

Animal Movement:
• Chemical energy from food is converted into kinetic
energy for movement.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy Transformation:

Definition:
• The process of changing energy from one form to another.
Common Transformations:
• Mechanical to Electrical: Generators
• Electrical to Thermal: Electric Heaters
• Chemical to Kinetic: Car Engines

Examples:
• Solar Panels: Convert solar energy to electrical energy.
• Wind Turbines: Convert kinetic energy of wind to
electrical energy.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy Transformation in Everyday Life:

Household Appliances:
• Microwaves: Electrical energy to thermal energy.
• Refrigerators: Electrical energy to mechanical
(and thermal) energy.

Transportation:
• Electric Cars: Electrical energy to kinetic energy.
• Airplanes: Chemical energy of fuel to kinetic and
potential energy.
Energy Transformation
Definition:

Energy transformation is the process of changing

energy from one form to another.

Key Concept:

Energy transformations are essential for the

functioning of various natural and technological
processes.
Energy Transformation
Definition of Energy Transformation:

Formal Definition:
The process by which energy changes from one form to
another form.

Examples of Energy Forms:

Mechanical, Thermal, Chemical, Electrical, Nuclear,
Radiant (Light)
Energy Transformation:
Example
1. Chemical to Electrical (Battery)

Process:
In a battery, chemical energy is stored in the form of
chemical bonds between atoms. When the battery is
connected to a circuit, a chemical reaction occurs at
the electrodes, converting chemical energy into
electrical energy.
Example:
Lithium-ion batteries used in smartphones, laptops,
and electric vehicles.
to the cathode through the external circuit)
Energy Transformation:
Example
Diagram: A battery connected to a circuit, highlighting
the flow of electrons from the anode to the cathode
through the external circuit)
Energy Transformation
2.Mechanical to Electrical (Generator)
•Process:
A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy through electromagnetic induction. When a
conductor moves through a magnetic field, a voltage is
induced, causing current to flow in the conductor.

•Example:
Hydroelectric power plants where the mechanical energy
of flowing water turns turbines connected to generators,
producing electricity.
Energy Transformation
•Diagram: A turbine connected to a generator, with
water flow turning the turbine and generating
electricity)
Energy Transformation
Efficiency of Energy Transformations

Definition:
The efficiency of an energy transformation
process is the ratio of useful energy output to the
total energy input, expressed as a percentage.

Formula:
Efficiency (%) = (Useful Energy Output /
Total Energy Input) ×
100
Energy Transformation
Efficiency of Energy Transformations

Factors Affecting Efficiency:

Energy Losses: Energy is often lost in the form of

heat due to friction, resistance, or other factors,
reducing the overall efficiency.

System Design: Advanced materials, improved

designs, and better technology can enhance
efficiency.
Energy Transformation
Example:
Battery:
Not all chemical energy in a battery is converted to
electrical energy; some is lost as heat, making the
process less than 100% efficient.

Generator:
Mechanical friction and resistance in the wires
cause some energy to be lost as heat.
Energy Transformation

Summary

Energy transformations are critical in powering

various devices and systems. Understanding the
efficiency of these transformations helps in designing
more effective and sustainable technologies.
Power
Definition

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is

transferred over time. It quantifies how quickly
work can be performed or energy can be converted
from one form to another.
Power
Power
Examples:
1.Electrical Power

• Example: A light bulb with a power rating of 60 W.

• Explanation: The bulb uses 60 joules of electrical
energy every second to produce light and heat.

2. Mechanical Power

• Example: An athlete running up a staircase.

• Explanation: If the athlete does 1000 joules of work in 5
seconds, their power output is:
Power=1000 J/5 s=200
Power
3. Hydropower Plant

• Example:
• A hydropower plant generating 500 MW of power.

• Explanation:
• The plant converts the mechanical energy of
falling water into electrical energy, producing 500
megawatts (500,000,000 watts) of power.
Power
Summary

Power is a fundamental concept in physics and

engineering, indicating how quickly work is
performed or energy is converted. Its measurement
in watts provides a standard way to compare the
efficiency and capacity of different systems and
devices.
Conclusion:
Conclusion:
Conclusion:
Q&A :