Statistics

> is the science that deals with the

collection, organization and presentation,
analysis and interpretation of all kinds of
data pertinent to the study being
considered, so that meaningful
conclusion can be drawn.
The field of statistics normally divided into two:
1. Descriptive statistics – is a group of statistical
measurements that aims to provide the basic
characteristics of a data set through tables and graphs and
other descriptive measures such as measures of central
tendency, measures of position, and measures of variation.
2. Inferential Statistics – aims to infer or to make
interpretations by making a concluding statement about the
population based on the result derived from a data set.
Measures commonly used in inferential statistics include
analysis of variance, t-test, Chi-Square test, correlation and
regression analysis.
The Four Essential Processes in Statistics:

1. Collection of data – refers gathering of related information such as (a)

what is useful and needed, (b) where to get information, and (c) how to
get information
2. Organization and presentation of data – refers to the systematic way of
organizing data. It involves (a) collecting, (b) classifying and arraying,
and (c) presenting data gathered in preparation to its analysis.
3. Analysis of data – refers to extracting relevant information from the
data at hand. It involves (a) comparison and contrast, (b) description,
and (c) statistical measurements to come up with numerical values and
qualitative summary as a resulting conclusion.
4. Interpretation of data – refers to the drawing of logical statements from
the analyzed information. It involves (a) generalizing, (b) forecasting,
and (c) recommending solutions and interventions about the study.
 Data is a body of information or observations
being considered by the researcher. When the data
is processed, information, which is the basis for
decision making is produced.
 Variables is used to define certain observable
values or characteristics. It is called variable since
the characteristics vary from one another. The
values of the variables are the possible observable
values or characteristics of the variable. These
values are the data to be processed.
 THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT WAYS OF CLASSIFYING DATA.
A. According to Nature

 Quantitative or numerical data are those

obtained from variables which are in the form
of numbers, e.g. age, height, weight, amount.
 Qualitative or categorical data are those
obtained from variables which are in the form
of categories, characteristics, names or labels,
e.g. gender, socio-economic status, civil status.
Quantitative data can be further classified
according to measurement:
 Discrete data are those obtained from the
counting process where data are whole numbers,
e.g. household size, number of cans of sardines
produced. This are data that can be counted.
 Continuous data re those obtained through the
measuring process where data are values that may
be decimals or fractions, e.g. inflation rate, weight
in kilograms. This are data that can be measured.
B. According to Source
1.Primary data are first-hand information, e.g.
data gathered from a survey, where the person
who collected the data is the one using it.
2.Secondary data are second-hand information,
e.g. information from newspapers or journals
economic indicators. The data being used are
collected by another person or organization.
C. According to Arrangement
1.Ungrouped data are the data without
any specific order or arrangement.
They are referred to as raw data.
2.Grouped data are data arranged or
tabulated and presented in an
organized manner.
 THERE ARE FOUR SCALES OF DATA MEASUREMENT ALSO
REFERRED TO AS LEVELS OF DATA:
1. Nominal Scale is the lowest level of data measurement where the values
for the variables are used for identification purposes only and it does not
signify any quantitative value.
2. Ordinal Scale has all the properties of the nominal scale, but the
numbers obtained also give the order of the values. Hence, it is used only
in variables that involve ranking process.
3. Interval Scale has all the properties of the ordinal scale. The intervals
between values in a set of interval data are consistent and meaningful,
but it does not involve a true zero point.
4. Ratio Scale has all the properties of the interval scale. In this level, there
is a true zero point (an absolute value of zero) and multiplication and
division of measurements can be performed.
 Complete the table by classifying the data according to nature.
Classify further according to measurement and to scales of data
measurement.
No Variables According to According
. Nature to
Measureme
nt
1 ID number of students
2 No. of pages in a book
3 Date of birth
4 Model of cellphone used
5 Number of text messages sent daily
6 Daily allowance
7 Computer rental fee
8 Kilowatt hour used per month
9 No. of students per class
Direction: Which method of gathering data is best for the
following situations? Justify your answer.

1.High school students’ preference for energy drink

2.Behavior of 1 year old babies
3.Mode of transportation in the Philippines during
the Spanish era
4.Customers’ satisfaction on the service of a
restaurant
5.Number of tourists in a beach resort per month
Data Management
1. Interview method is the method by which
data is obtained through oral exchange of
questions and answers by the researcher and the
respondents.
2. Questionnaire method is the method where
as set of questions is provided by the researcher,
and the data is provided by the respondents by
writing the responses to the items on the
questionnaire.
3. Document method is the method where a researcher
avail of information gathered and stored by individuals
or institutions, whether private or government, made
available to other researchers.
4. Observation method is the method where data is
acquired and recorded through direct observation by
the researcher on an actual situation.
5. Experiment method is the method where data is also
gathered by the researcher himself just like the
observation method. However, the researcher is allowed
to make manipulations as required by the
experimentation process.
 The following are the different ways of presenting
data gathered:

1.Textual Form is where data is exposed through

printed or spoken words, such as through printed
or oral media.
2.Graphical Form is where data is organized and
presented through the use of various kinds of
graphs.
3.Tabular form is where data is arrayed in rows and
columns.
 Stem-and-leaf display
Example:
The following data represent number of kwh of
electricity consumed by 20 households in a
community:
156 243 225 233 199
174 248 209 179 214
204 169 222 204 239
218 193 214 226 182
 Practice:
A.The latest scores of the students of
Maginhawa High School who took a
Science test are listed below:
92 78 73 89 98 89 83
7583 100 69 71 96
67 81 73 88 86 82 94