SOLUTIONS

Background Information: The Mole

 Because atoms are so small, it takes an extremely large number to
provide a sufficient amount to weigh and use in a chemical reaction
 Atoms and particles are counted using moles (mol)
 One mole of an element always contains 6.022 x 1023 atoms of that
element
 This is called Avogadro’s Number
 This also can be applied to molecular compounds:
 1 mole of H2O = 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O
Background Information: The Mole
 Avogadro’s number can be used as a conversion factor to convert between
moles of a substance and the number of particles that substance contains
 The number of particles is always going to be much larger than the number of moles

and
Practice Question:
How many moles of water contain 2.60 x 1023 molecules of water?
Background Information:
 When looking at moles of elements within a chemical compound, the
subscript represents the number of moles of that particular element within 1
mole of that compound

 Example: C9H8O4 (aspirin)

1 mole of aspirin (the molecule) has:

9 moles of carbon
8 moles of hydrogen the elements
4 moles of oxygen
Practice Question:
How many moles of carbon are present in 1.50 mol of aspirin, C9H8O4?
Practice Question:
How many moles of aspirin, C9H8O4, contain 0.480 mol of O?
 Molar Mass
• Molar mass is the quantity in grams that equals the atomic weight of that
element, and therefore equals 1 mole of that element
– Expressed as grams/mole (g/mol)
• Remember: 1 mole of an element = 6.022 x 1023 atoms of that element

Example: looking at Carbon, which has an atomic weight of 12.01

1 mole of carbon atoms has a mass of 12.01 g
12.01 g of C atoms  1 mole of C atoms  6.022 x 1023 atoms of C
You can calculate the molar mass of a compound by multiplying the
molar mass of each element by its subscript in the formula and adding
the results
Practice Question:
Calculate the molar mass for lithium carbonate, Li2CO3,
used to treat bipolar disorder.
First, get the molar mass of each element by looking at the periodic table
of elements at the atomic weight of that element

1 mol Li = 6.941 g Li
1 mol C = 12.01 g C
1 mol O = 16.00 g O
Practice Question:
Calculate the molar mass for lithium carbonate, Li2CO3,
used to treat bipolar disorder.
Practice Question:
Silver metal is used in the manufacture of tableware, mirrors, jewelry, and dental
alloys. If the design for a piece of jewelry requires 0.750 mol of silver, how many
grams of silver are needed?
 Solutions
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which one substance,
called the solute, is uniformly dispersed in another substance,
called the solvent
– The solute is the substance present in the lesser amount
– The solvent is the substance present in the greater amount

• The solution that forms will have the same physical state as the
solvent
 Our body fluids contain water and dissolved substances including
glucose, urea, and electrolytes such as K+, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, HCO3-, and
HPO42-
 Proper amounts of each of these dissolved substances and water must
be maintained at specific levels in body fluids
 Even the smallest change in electrolyte levels can seriously disrupt
cellular processes and endanger our health

 All of these substances are in solution in our bodies

 Solutions can be described by their concentration:
The amount of solute in a specific amount of that solution

𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
 Notice and keep in mind that it is the amount of SOLUTION,
not just the solvent
 The concentration is calculating the solute as a fraction of the whole
solution
 Therefore, amount of solution = amount of solute + amount of solvent
 Molarity
• Molarity (M) is a concentration that states the number of moles of
solute in exactly 1L of solution
• Used to standardize the quantitation of solution concentrations

• There are three components to the molarity of a solution:

★ The gram weight of the solute
★ The solute’s gram molecular weight
★ The solvent quantity (volume in L)
 Molarity
• Remember…a mole is calculated by dividing the gram weight of the
solute by its gram molecular weight

• Remember…The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of the

atomic weights of each element in that compound
 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝑀 ) =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Molarity can be calculated when we know the moles of solute and the
volume of solution in litres

Example
If 1.0 mol of NaCl were dissolved in enough water to prepare 1.0L of solution,
the resulting NaCl solution has a molarity of 1.0 M (or mol/L)
Practice Question:
What is the molarity (M) of 60.0 g of NaOH in 0.250 L of NaOH solution?
Practice Question:
How many litres of a 2.00 M NaCl solution
are needed to provide 67.3 g of NaCL?
 Molarity
• The volumes used in these calculations are typically volumes of
glassware commonly found within the laboratory: 100 mL, 250 mL, 500
mL, 1 L
• Very unlikely that you would use 800 mL to calculate molarity of a
solution
• When calculating molarity, you must ensure your units are in litres, so
remember to convert if you’re given a volume such as 250 mL
 Normality
• Normality accounts for the dynamics of the interaction of the dissolved
solute with the solvent
• It differs from molarity because it is determined by the number of
equivalent weights (or gram equivalents) per litre, and not the number
of moles per litre
• The equivalent weight is the amount of replaceable hydrogen ions (H+)
or hydroxyl ions (OH-) or charge for the element or compound
– This is usually reflected by the valence of the element or compound
• One gram equivalent weight (GEW) of an element or compound equals
the gram molecular weight (GMW) divided by the number of
replaceable hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 (𝐺𝑀𝑊 )

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝐺𝐸𝑊 )=
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
The normality of a solution is calculated using the following formula:

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦=
(
𝑁𝑜. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐺𝐸𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 )
1.00 𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

( )
𝑁𝑜 . 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
(𝐺𝑀𝑊 (𝑔)
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑒𝑞 ) )
1.00 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦=
(
𝑁𝑜. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 ×𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑒𝑞)
𝐺𝑀𝑊 ( 𝑔) )
1.00 𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Practice Question:
Calculate the normality of a solution containing 98.0 g of
H2SO4 in 0.250 L of solution

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦=
(
𝑁𝑜. 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐺𝐸𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 )
𝐿𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• You can convert between molarity and normality
– A 1 normal solution has a concentration of 1 eq / L
– A 1 molar solution has a concentration of 1 mol / L
– Therefore you can use the following formula to interconvert

Where… N = normality
n = valence
𝑁 =(𝑛)( 𝑀 )

M = molarity
Practice Question:
Given a 1.75 M H2SO4 solution, what is the normality of the solution?
Practice Questions – Chapter 5 – Example Problems
3. What is the molecular weight of potassium permanganate (KMnO 4)?

9. How many grams of Na2CO3 are needed to make a 1.00 L quantity of a 0.75 M solution?

12. What is the molarity of a solution that contains 4.00 mol of HCl in 250.0 mL of solution?

13. How many grams of CaCl2 are necessary to prepare 500 mL of a 1.50 M solution?

15. What is the molarity of a 400 mL solution that contains 20.0 g of NaOH?

17. Into how much water should 9.32 g of KCl be dissolved to prepare a 0.500 M solution?

21. What is the gram equivalent weight of H3PO4?

23. What is the normality of a solution that contains 173.0 g H2SO4 in 1.00 L solution?

24. How do you prepare 300.0 mL of a 0.250 normal NaOH solution?

26. Given a 3.00 M H2SO4 solution, what is the normality?

27. Given a 2.00 normal CaCl2 solution, what is the molarity?