Further Pure 1

Lesson 3 –
Inverse Matrices
Reminder from lesson 1 Wiltshire

 Note that any matrix multiplied by the identity

matrix is itself.
 2 1  6  1 0 0   2 1  6 
    
  3 1 8   0 1 0    3 1 8 
 6 9 3  0 0 1  6 9 3 
    
 And any matrix multiplied by the zero matrix
is the zero matrix.
 2 1  6  0 0 0   0 0 0 
    
  3 1 8   0 0 0   0 0 0 
 6 9 3  0 0 0   0 0 0 
    
 Inverse Matrix Wiltshire

 All operations have an opposite.

 We discussed in lesson 2 about using matrices to
perform transformations.
 An inverse matrix will undo the transformation and
return you to where you started.
 If a matrix is called A, then its inverse is known as A-1.
 In lesson 1 we briefly met the concept of an identity
matrix (seen on first slide).
 So if multiplying A by A-1 returns you to where you
started and multiplying by the identity matrix leaves you
where you are, we can conclude that AA-1 = A-1A = I
 Challenge 1 Wiltshire

 You need to know the general formula for the

inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix.
 Can you find the inverse to the following matrix?
 Use the property TT-1 = I
 2 3
 2 3  p r   1 0  T  
       1 4
 1 4  q s   0 1
 From this we can form 2 pairs of simultaneous
equations.
2p + 3q = 1 2r + 3s = 0
p + 4q = 0 r + 4s = 1
Challenge 1 Wiltshire

 The solutions to these equations are

4 1 3 2
p q  r  s
5 5 5 5
 So the inverse of T is

 4 3
   1  4  3
T  1  5 5  
 
 1 2  5 1 2 
 
 5 5 
Challenge 1 Wiltshire

 Lets now take any 2 × 2 matrix.

a c
M  
 b d
 Can you use T and T-1 to find the inverse of M
and hence the general formula for the inverse
of any 2 × 2 matrix?
2 3 1 1  4  3
T   T   
1 4 5 1 2 
a c 1 1  d  c
M   M   
b d  b a 
The Determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix
Wiltshire

 We have just found the general equation for the

inverse of any 2 × 2 matrix.
a c 1 1  d  c
M   M    for  0
 b d  b a 
 The Δ symbol is a capital delta and will always be a
numerical value.
 The value can be calculated from the matrix and is
known as the determinant of the matrix.
 Using T and T-1 can you spot how to calculate it?

 2 3 1  4  3
1
T   T   
 1 4 5 1 2 
The Determinant of a 2 × 2 matrix
Wiltshire

 To calculate the determinant of a matrix M

you multiply a by d and subtract b by c.
 Below is the official notation.

a c
det M  M  ad  bc
b d
 If the det is zero then the inverse does not
exist and the matrix is known as singular.
 If the det is not zero then the inverse does
exist and the matrix is known as non-singular.
 Note: Only square matrices have inverses.
 Challenge 2 Wiltshire

 This is above the scope of the course and not

required for you to do.
 However it is a challenging question that will test
your algebraic manipulation skills.
 Can you find the inverse of M using the identity
below and the method we used a few slides ago.
 This will also prove where the formula for the
determinant comes from.

 a b  p q   1 0 
     
 c d  r s   0 1
Questions Wiltshire

 Find the inverse of the following matrices.

 2 5 1 1  4  5
A   A   
  1 4 13  1 2 

 2  3 1 1   4 3
B   B   
 1  4 5   1 2

 3 7  1 1  22  7 
C   C   
 9 22  129   9  3 
 Inverse of a product Wiltshire

 Find the inverse of AB.

 Lets call the inverse of AB, X.
 So as we already know X(AB) = I
 First multiply by B-1 X(AB)B-1 = I×B-1
XA = B-1
 Next multiply by A-1 XAA-1 = B-1A-1
X = B-1A-1
 This is an important result that you need to know

(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
 Properties of the determinant Wiltshire

 The orange square is an enlargement of the black square by a

scale factor 2.
 What is the area of the object?  2 0
 Area = 9 units2 T  
 What is the area of the image?
 Area = 36 units2
 0 2
 The transformation performed can be
described by the following matrix
 What do you notice about the
determinant of the matrix and the
enlargement shown.
 The determinant of a matrix indicates
the scale factor of the area of
enlargement.
 The det T is known as the signed scale
factor as it can be negative.
 The negative signifies that the rotation
direction has been reversed.
 Task Wiltshire

 Can you explain how

we know that the area
of any shape rotated θ  cosθ  sin θ 
degrees anti-  
clockwise about the
origin remains the
 sinθ cos θ 
same.

2 2
sin θ  cos θ 1
 Matrices with det = 0 Wiltshire

 The determinant of a matrix tells us the scale

factor of the areas` enlargement.
 What would be the area of a shape transformed
by a matrix with det = 0?
 The area would be 0.
 All the points will have been transformed so
what will the image look like?
 The image will be a straight line.
 We can see an example of this on the next slide.
 Example 1 Wiltshire

 Lets start with a rectangle on a

2D pair of axes.
 We can write the co-ordinates
of the vertices in matrix form.
 Next transform the object
using a matrix with a det = 0
 The image becomes a series
of points that are in a straight
line.

 1 2  1 4 4 1  3 6 7 7
     
 1 2  1 1 3 3  3 6 7 7
 Example 1 Wiltshire

 In fact although we used a

rectangle for the example
any point in the plane will
transform to the line.
 From the diagram its clear
to see what the equation of
the line will be.
 y=x

 1 2  1 4 4 1  3 6 7 7
     
 1 2  1 1 3 3  3 6 7 7
 Example 1 Wiltshire

 We can reach the same result

as the last slide using an
algebraic method.
 Lets look at the general co-
ordinate (x,y).
 Under the transformation we get
the co-ordinates (x`,y`)
 Using matrix multiplication we
can see that.
x + 2y = x`
x + 2y = y`
 1 2   x   x `
 From this we get y` = x + 2y = x`      
 Or y = x  1 2   y   y `
 Example 2 Wiltshire

 The plane is transformed

2  1
by the matrix. T  
3  2
 Show that the whole plane is mapped to a straight line and find
the equation of this line.
 2  1  x   x`
     
  4 2   y   y `
 Using matrix multiplication gives us the simultaneous equations.
x` = 2x – y
y` = -4x + 2y
 From the equations we get y` = -2(2x – y) = -2x`
 All the points will map to the line y = -2x
 Example 2 Wiltshire

 All points in a plane transform to a straight line.

 This is because there are infinitely many lines
that transform to a single point.
 Example 3 Wiltshire

 For the matrix T find the equation of the line of points that map to
(5,-10).
2  1
T  
3  2
 We use matrix multiplication to find what equations will be equal
to the co-ordinate (5,-10)
 2  1  x   5 
     
  4 2   y    10 
 This gives us the equations
2x – y = 5
-4x + y = -10
 These two equations give the exact same information.
2x – y = 5
Summary 1 Wiltshire

 The inverse of a matrix

a c
M  
 b d

 Is
1  d  c
1
M    for  0
 b a 

 Where a c
 det M  M  ad  bc
b d
Summary 2 Wiltshire

 MM-1 = M-1M = I
 X = B-1A-1