Welcome

to Our Presentation
 Our team members:

1. Shefat E Jannat
2. Mst. Tanjilla Akhter
3. Nusrat Karim

4. Shaown Eftiar
5. Israt Jahan

6. Md Abu Hanif
Topic: Vector Data Model
 Object Based Data Model
 Classes and class Relationships
 Interface
 The Geodatabase
 Topology rules
 Advantages of the Geodatabase
 Representation of Composite Features
 TINs
 Regions
 Routes
 Vector Data Model

 What is Object-based data model ?

The term "Object-based data model" refers to a data model that is based on
object-oriented programming principles and concepts. In this data model, data
is represented and organized as objects, similar to how objects are used in
object-oriented programming languages. Each object consists of data attributes
(properties) and associated behaviors (methods).

In the context of GIS (Geographic Information Systems), the object-based data

model represents geospatial data as objects. These objects can represent
various spatial features such as roads, buildings, rivers, or any other geographic
entity. The object-based data model allows for the storage and manipulation of
both the geometry (spatial information) and attributes (non-spatial
information) of these objects within a single system
Fig 1: Vector Data Model
What are the different types of class relationships in
object-oriented technology?

In object-oriented technology, there are several types of class relationships that

facilitate the management of objects in GIS. These are

 Aggregation
 Composition
 Type inheritance
 and Instantiation

Association: A relationship between two classes, defining how instances of one

class can be connected to instances of another class. Example: A "Person" class
associated with an "Address" class, where a person can have one or more
addresses.

Aggregation: A whole-part relationship between classes, where the composite

class contains one or more instances of the component class. Example: A "Car"
class composed of multiple "Wheel" objects.
Composition: A stronger whole-part relationship, where the component class
is an essential part of the composite class and cannot exist independently.
Example: A "House" class composed of multiple "Room" objects.
Type Inheritance: A hierarchical relationship between a superclass and one or
more subclasses, where subclasses inherit properties and methods from the
superclass. Example: A "Shape" superclass with subclasses like "Circle,"
"Rectangle," and "Triangle" inheriting common attributes.
Instantiation: The creation of an object or instance of a class based on its
definition. Example: Creating a "Student" object from a "Person" class,
representing a specific student with unique attributes and behaviors.

 What is Interface ?
An interface represents a set of externally visible operations of a class or
object. Object-based technology uses a mechanism called encapsulation to
hide the properties and methods of an object so that the object can be
accessed only through the predefined interfaces.
(In Fig: 2) A Feature object implements the IFeature
interface.
IFeature has access to the properties of Extent and
Shape and the method of Delete. Object-oriented
technology
uses symbols to represent interface, property,
and method.
Fig: 2
The symbols for the two properties are
different in this case because Extent is a read-only
property, whereas Shape is a read-and-write (by reference)
property.

The major characteristics of an interface

1. External Visibility 4. Access through Interfaces

2. Encapsulation 5. Object-Based Technology
3. Contractual Agreement
What is Geodatabase and how does it relate to ArcObject?
The geodatabase is an object-based vector
data model that is part of ArcObjects, the
foundation for ArcGIS for Desktop. ArcObjects
consists of numerous objects and classes that
are accessed through menus, icons, and
dialogs developed by Esri. The geodatabase
uses points, polylines, and polygons to
represent vector-based spatial features. Fig: 3

What are the different types of geodatabases ?

There are three types of geodatabases which are

 Personal geodatabase
 file geodatabase,
 and multiuser (ArcSDE) geodatabase.
The Geodatabase organizes vector data sets into two types:

 A feature class stores spatial features of

the same geometry type.

 A feature dataset stores feature classes

that share coordinate system and area
extent.

 For example, a feature class maybe

represent block groups and a feature
dataset may consist of block groups,
census tracts and countries for the same Fig: 4
study area.
 What is Topology Rules ?
Topology rules are predefined constraints that govern the spatial relationships
and connectivity of features in a geodatabase. They ensure data integrity and
maintain consistent geometric relationships between features. These rules
define requirements such as connectivity, overlap prevention, boundary
coincidence, feature orientation, and relationship validation. They play a
crucial role in managing spatial data accuracy and reliability.

Some real-world applications of topology rules:

 Counties must not overlap.
 County must not have gaps.
 County boundary must not have dangles Census tracts and counties must
cover each
 Voting district must be covered by county.
 Contour lines must not intersect.
 Interstate route must be covered by feature
class of reference line (i.e., road feature class).
 Milepost markers must be covered by reference
line (i.e., road feature class).
 Topology Rules in the Geodatabase
Feature Type Rules
Cluster tolerance is crucial for coverage, avoiding overlap, gaps,
1. Polygon and overlapping features. Boundaries must be covered, and
points must be present.

Must be larger than cluster tolerance, avoid overlap,

intersection, dangles, pseudo-nodes, touch interior, overlap, be
2. Line covered by feature class, boundary, inside, end point, self-
overlap, self-intersect, and single part.

Must be coincident with, must be disjoint, must be covered by

boundary of, must be properly
inside polygons, must be covered by end point of, and must be
3. Point covered by line
What are the advantages of the Geodatabase ?

The geodatabase offers several advantages compared to other data

models:

 Efficient Data Organization

 Object-Oriented Technology
 On-the-Fly Topology
 Customization and Application Development
 Industry-Specific Data Models

What are the disadvantages of the Geodatabase ?

 Complexity
 Learning Curve
 Software Dependency
 Storage Size and Performance
 Costing
 Representation of Composite Features

 What is Composite features ?

A composite feature refers to a spatial feature that is composed of
multiple simpler geometric elements. It is a higher-level representation
that combines multiple basic geometric shapes or entities into a single
feature.

What are types of Composite features ? Composite Features

Composite feature are mainly three types:

1.TINs
2.Regions
3.Routes
 TINs

A triangulated irregular network (TIN)

approximates the terrain with a set of
nonoverlapping triangles (Fig:4). Each triangle
in the TIN assumes a constant gradient. Flat
areas of the land surface have fewer but larger
triangles, whereas areas with higher variability
in elevation have denser but smaller triangles.
The TIN is commonly used for terrain mapping
and analysis, especially for 3-D display. Fig: 5

Some spatial features are better represented as composites of points, lines,

and polygons for their applications.

 Examples of composite features are TINs,regions and routes.

The data structure of these composite features varies among
coverage,shapefile and geodatabase triangulated irregular network (TIN)
approximates the terrain with a set of nonoverlapping triangles.
The application of TINs :
There are several uses in the field of geospatial analysis and visualization
which are

1. Terrain Mapping: TINs are frequently employed to create accurate

representations of the Earth's surface, capturing elevation variations and
features such as hills, valleys, and mountains.

2. Surface Analysis: TINs enable various types of surface analysis, such as

slope analysis, aspect analysis, and visibility analysis. These analyses
provide valuable insights for fields like hydrology, urban planning, and
environmental modeling.

3. 3D Visualization: TINs serve as a basis for generating 3D visualizations

of terrains. They allow for realistic rendering and simulation of
landscapes, aiding in applications such as virtual reality, gaming, and
visual effects.
Characteristics of TINs:
 Adaptive Resolution: TINs provide adaptive resolution, meaning they can adjust
the density of triangles based on the variability of the terrain. Flat areas have
fewer, larger triangles, while areas with significant elevation changes have
smaller, denser triangles. This adaptability ensures efficient representation of
terrain features.
 Non-overlapping Triangles: Each triangle in a TIN is non-overlapping, ensuring
that there is no duplication or overlap of terrain information. This characteristic
maintains the accuracy and integrity of the representation.
 Constant Gradient: Within each triangle, a TIN assumes a constant gradient.
This assumption simplifies the representation of the terrain, allowing for
straightforward calculations and analysis of slope, aspect, and other surface
properties.
 Incorporation of Features: TINs can incorporate various types of features, such
as elevation points, contour lines, streams, roads, and polygons like lakes and
reservoirs. These additional features enhance the accuracy and detail of the TIN
representation.
Region

In the context of Representation of

Composite Features, a region refers to a
geographic area that exhibits similar
characteristics. It is a way of dividing the
Earth's surface into smaller uniform areas.
Regions can be hierarchical, meaning they
can be subdivided into smaller regions
within a larger region. Examples of
hierarchical regions include census units,
hydrologic units, and ecological units.
Fig:5
Real-world applications of regions:

 Urban Planning: Regions can be used to define zoning districts or planning

regions for land-use management, transportation planning, and
infrastructure development.

 Environmental Management: Regions can help define ecological regions or

biomes, which aid in conservation efforts, biodiversity assessment, and
ecosystem management.

 Market Analysis: Regions are often used in market research to identify and
target specific consumer segments based on demographic, economic, or
cultural similarities within a given area.

 Resource allocation: Regions can assist in the allocation of resources such

as healthcare facilities, schools, or emergency services, ensuring equitable
distribution based on population density or specific needs.
Route

A route is a linear feature such as a highway, a bike path, or a stream,

but unlike other linear features, a route has a measurement system
that allows linear measures to be used on a projected coordinate
system .

C E

A B

D F

Fig: 6
Importance of Route:

There are many importance of route which are -

Association of Transportation
Events Planning

Natural Polylines and

Resource Geodatabase
Management
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