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Stats-Chi-square-1

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3 views

Stats-Chi-square-1

Uploaded by

Bryan Giolaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chi-square Test for Two

Independent Samples

1
Chi-square Test of Independence

• The chi squared test for independence tests


whether two categorical variables are independent
of one another. The data is often summarized in a
contingency table.
• A contingency table is a two-way frequency table for
categorical data that has at least two rows and two
columns.
• A non-parametric test that is used to measure the association
between two categorical variables.

2
• Chi Square Test for Independence tests the
null hypothesis which states the variables in
the rows and columns are independent of one
another.

Suppose a new postoperative A large furniture retailer with


procedure is administered to a group of stores in three cities had the
patients at a particular hospital. following results from a special
weekend sale.
Chi Squared Test for Independence
• Assumptions for Test of Goodness of Fit
1. Identify the variable and the level of measurement.
2. The data are obtained from a random sample.
3. The expected frequency for each category must be
5 or more.

• The hypotheses are:


• H0: The two variables are independent (no relationship).
• H1: The two variables are dependent (there is a relationship
the two variables).
• If the null hypothesis is rejected, there is some
relationship between the variables.
Contingency Tables – Degrees of Freedom

• The degrees of freedom for any contingency table


are d.f. = (# rows – 1) (# columns – 1)
= (R – 1)(C – 1).
Don’t count the labels or the totals.
Example: Hospitals and Infections
A researcher wishes to see if there is a relationship
between the hospital and the type of patient infections. A
sample of 3 hospitals was selected, and the number of
infections for a specific year has been reported. The data
are shown next.

Degrees of freedom are calculated as:


(#rows – 1) x (# columns – 1)
Do not count labels or totals.
: State the hypotheses and identify the claim.
H0: The type of infection is independent of the hospital.
H1: The type of infection is dependent on the hospital (claim).

: Find the critical value.


The critical value at α = 0.05
d.f. = (# rows – 1) x (# columns – 1)
= (3 – 1)(3 – 1) =(2)(2) = 4
The following slides shows how the
test value for a chi-squared test for
independence is calculated manually.
The example used to demonstrate this
process is the hospitals and
infections example.
Example: Hospitals and Infections

First compute the expected values:


Example: Hospitals and Infections

Observed vs Expected
Example: Hospitals and Infections
Step 3: Compute the test value.
• Make the decision.
The decision is to reject the null hypothesis since
30.698 is in the critical region.

• Summarize the results.

There is enough evidence to support


the claim that the type of infection is
related to the hospital where they
occurred.

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