THE ONLY WAY TO

LEARN MATHEMATICS IS
TO DO MATHEMATICS
PAUL HALMOS
 BASIC
CALCULUS 1
Philip Cyril E. Gelasan
Teacher
List of topics
CHAPTER 1
LIMITS AND CONTINUITY
1. LIMIT OF A FUNCTION AND LIMIT THEOREMS
2. RIGHT-HAND AND LEFT-HAND LIMITS
3. LIMITS INVOLVING INFINITY
4. CONTINUITY OF THE FUNCTION
 CHAPTER 2
 THE DERIVATIVES
1. DERIVATIVE AND ITS GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION
2. BASIC THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION
3. COMPOSITE FUNCTION AND CHAIN RULE
4. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
5. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES
 CHAPTER 3

 THE DERIVATIVES OF TRANSENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

1. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
INVERSES
2. LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
 CHAPTER 4
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. PROBLEM INVOLVING RELATED RATES
 Limit of a
function
Observe the behaviour of the following function at x = 2.

Note that at x = 2 ,
f(x) =
 Observe the values of f(x) as x approaches 2 from
the left and from the right as shown in the table
below
X approaches 2 F(x) = X approaches 2 from F(x) =
from the left the right
2.5 7.500000
1.5
2.1 7.100000
1.9 6.900000
1.99 6.990000 2.01 7.010000

1.999 6.999000 2.001 7.001000

1.9999 6.999900 2.0001 7.000100

1.99999 6.999990 2.00001 7.000010
1.999999 6.999999 2.000001 7.000001

The value of f(x) closer to 7 The value of f(x) closer to 7

 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 7
𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 7

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔h

 Hence, We can conclude that
• =7

• We can also confirm this result algebraically as follows:

when x ≠ 2

= =x+5

=
 Definition of a Limit
Let f(x) be a function of x and let a be constant. if
there is a number L such that in order to make a
value of f(x) as close to L as may be desire.

It is sufficient to choose x close enough to a, but

differently from a, then we say that the limit of
f(x) as x approaches a is L
We write ,

read as “ the limit of f of x as x approaches

a equals L”
 Example:

Using the table of values find

Note that at x = 5 ,
f(x) =
 Observe the values of f(x) as x approaches 5 from the
left and from the right as shown in the table below

X approaches 5 F(x) X approaches 5 from F(x)

from the left the right
4.5 -0.5 5.5 0.5
4.9 -0.1 5.1 0.1
4.99 -0.01 5.01 0.01
4.999 -0.001 5.001 0.001
4.9999 -0.0001 5.0001 0.0001
4.99999 -0.00001 5.00001 0.00001
4.999999 -0.000001 5.000001 0.000001
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑝h
0
h𝑒𝑠
𝑐
𝑟 𝑜𝑎
𝑝 𝑝
𝑥 )𝑎
𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 5 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑓 (

0
𝑒𝑠
𝑐 h 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 5 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔h𝑡
𝑜 𝑎
𝑝 𝑝𝑟
) 𝑎
( 𝑥
𝑓
 Hence, We can conclude that
• =0

• We can also confirm this result algebraically as follows:

when x ≠ 5
= =x-5

=
It’s your turn

Using the table of values find

 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙+ 𝟐
𝐟 ( 𝐱 )= lim
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏
X approaches 1 F(x) X approaches 1 from F(x)
from the left the right
0.5 1.5
0.9 1.1
0.99 1.01
0.999 1.001
0.9999 1.0001
0.99999 1.00001
0.999999 1.000001
 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟑 𝒙+ 𝟐
𝐟 ( 𝐱 )= lim
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙 −𝟏
X approaches 1 F(x) X approaches 1 from F(x)
from the left the right
0.5 -1.5 1.5 -0.5
0.9 -1.1 1.1 -0.9
0.99 -1.01 1.01 -0.99
0.999 -1.001 1.001 -0.999
0.9999 -1.0001 1.0001 -0.9999
0.99999 -1.00001 1.00001 -0.99999
0.999999 -1.000001 1.000001 -0.999999
Graph

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐h𝑒𝑠 1 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔h𝑡

−1
−1

𝑒𝑠
𝑒𝑠

𝑐h
𝑐h

𝑜𝑎
𝑜𝑎

𝑝𝑟
𝑝𝑟

𝑎𝑝
) 𝑎𝑝

𝑥)
𝑓(
𝑓 (𝑥
 Hence, We can conclude that
• = -1

• We can also confirm this result algebraically as follows:

when x ≠ 1
= =x-2

=
 Activity 1
Using the table of values find
1.

X approaches 5 F(x) X approaches 5 from F(x)

from the left the right
4.5 5.5
4.9 5.1
4.99 5.01
4.999 5.001
4.9999 5.0001
4.99999 5.00001
4.999999 5.000001
2.

X approaches 1 F(x) X approaches 1 from F(x)

from the left the right
0.5 1.5
0.9 1.1
0.99 1.01
0.999 1.001
0.9999 1.0001
0.99999 1.00001
0.999999 1.000001
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑇h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠
1. Limit of a linear function
If m and b are any constant
Example 1. Example 2.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟐 𝒙 +𝟓) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏)
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙 → −𝟐

solutions solutions
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟑 𝒙 −𝟏)
𝒙 → −𝟐

= 2(3) +5 = 3(-2) - 1
=6+5 = -6 - 1 = -7
= 11
2. Limit of Constant Function
If f is the constant function f(x) = k ,then for
any number a

k
Example1: Example2:

Solution: Solution:
=5
3. Limit of the Identity Function
If f is the identity function f(x) = x, then for
any number a
4. Limit of the Sum and Difference
of two functions

if and

± 𝑳𝟐
 𝟐
Example1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟓 𝒙 +𝟐 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟏
Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿ 5 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 +2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
¿ 𝟓( 1) +𝟐(1)
¿ 𝟓+ 2¿ 7
 𝟐
Example2: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝟓 𝒙 −𝟐 𝒙)
𝒙→𝟏
Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓 𝒙 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿ 5 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 −2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟏
𝟐
¿ 𝟓( 1) −𝟐(1)
¿ 𝟓 −2¿ 3
5. Limit of the Product of two functions

if and

𝑳𝟐
 Example1: 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ 𝟓 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 ]
𝒙→𝟏
Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙 →𝟏
𝟐
¿ 5 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 2 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙 →𝟏
𝟐
¿ 𝟓( 1) 𝟐(1)
¿ (𝟓)(𝟐)¿ 10
 Example2: 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 7 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟏
Solutions:
𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 𝐥𝐢𝐦 7 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
¿ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 7 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙
𝒙 →𝟏 𝒙→𝟏

𝟐
¿ (1) 7(1)
¿7
7. Limit of the Quotient of Two Function
and

𝒇 ( 𝒙 ) 𝑳𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ¿
𝒙 → 𝑎 𝒈( 𝒙 ) 𝑳𝟐
Example 1:

Solutions:

= = =
Example 2:

Solutions:

= = =
6. Limit of the nth power of a Function
L and n is any positive integer, then
 𝟐
Example1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝟓
(𝒙)

solutions:
𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 )
𝒙→𝟓

=
=
Example2: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 ) 4
𝒙 → −2

solutions:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ( 𝒙 ) 4
𝒙 → −2

=
= 16
8. Limit of the nth root of a function
If n is a positive integer and

L, then
Example 1: 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝒙 ¿?
𝟒

𝒙 → 𝟏𝟔

Solutions:

𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝒙 ¿𝟒√ 𝟏𝟔¿ 𝟐

𝟒

𝒙 → 𝟏𝟔
Example 2: lim √𝑥
𝑥→4

solutions:
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ 𝑥 ¿√ 𝟒 ¿ 𝟐
𝒙→4
Any Questions?????
 Activity 2:
Solve the following limits. Show your complete solutions.
𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡h𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠.
1.
2.
3.
4.
 5. ] 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √ ( 𝒙 − 𝟑)( 𝒙+ 𝟐)
8. 𝒙 → 𝟓
6.
9.
7.