Knowledge-Based System (KBS)

Definition - What does Knowledge-Based System (KBS) mean?

A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer system which generates and

utilizes knowledge from different sources, data and information.

Knowledge-based systems are considered to be a major branch of artificial

intelligence.

These systems aid in solving problems, especially complex ones, by utilizing

artificial intelligence concepts.

These systems are mostly used in problem-solving procedures and to support

human learning, decision making and actions.

They are capable of making decisions based on the knowledge residing in

them, and can understand the context of the data that is being processed.
 Knowledge-Based System (KBS)
Knowledge-based systems broadly consist of an interface engine and
knowledge base.
The interface engine acts as the search engine, and the knowledge base acts
as the knowledge repository.
Learning is an essential component of knowledge-based systems
and simulation of learning helps in the betterment of the systems.
Knowledge-based systems can be broadly classified as CASE-based systems,
intelligent tutoring systems, expert systems, hypertext manipulation systems and
databases with intelligent user interface.
Although the concepts behind a knowledge base (and the actual system architecture) can be confusing, knowledge bases are usually
straightforward in end-user practice. In fact, a useful knowledge base should be constructed with the end-user in mind, as the goal is to
make knowledge easy to access and digest.

Knowledge-Based System (KBS)

In practice, the most common end-user features of a knowledge base include the following:

Search Capability: This is a fundamental aspect of a knowledge base so that users can search and
filter criteria until they find the desired answer.

24/7 Support: Support might be staffed by humans, or by artificial intelligence. Around-the-clock

support is especially useful for a product or troubleshooting page, that users will likely visit in the event
of a problem.

Frequently Asked Questions: FAQ pages are useful for topics that are easy to explain, and don’t
require extensive technical support or troubleshooting.

Community Support: For example, a comment or help section run by other users.

Interactivity: You might create interactive features to properly identify the user’s question or issue, or
provide an interactive walkthrough for product-related questions.

Permission Levels: For internal knowledge bases, assign permissions for which employees can view,
edit, and administer specific pages or functions. This is less of a concern for external knowledge bases,
where users will likely never edit the information stored.

Language Translation: For maximum impact, make sure that both static knowledge pages and
support is available in all languages that your customers use.
Knowledge-Based System (KBS)
Benefits of Knowledge Bases:

Companies can create a knowledge base for internal or external use. Internal
knowledge bases store all the expertise that exists within an organization, and
provide a way for employees to access and digest the stored information.

By contrast, external knowledge bases are for the general public (existing or
potential customers) and are meant to increase general knowledge about the
organization’s product or service, or a topic where they want to establish their
expertise. External knowledge bases often take the form of an FAQ page, a help
desk, how-to articles, or other support features.

In addition to those listed above, an external knowledge base provides an

organization with the following additional benefits:

Satisfied customer demand for information Increased resolution rates Happier

customers
Knowledge-Based System (KBS)
Benefits of Knowledge Bases:

An internal knowledge base provides an organization and its employees the

following benefits:

Quick and consistent knowledge transfer

Standardized problem-solving methods and answers

A reliable way to handle unstructured human knowledge

Increased availability of expert knowledge to lower-level employees

Community of collaboration and collective problem solving Lowered

training costs
 Knowledge-Based System (KBS)
Kno

What is knowledge representation?

Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge.

Human knows things, which is knowledge and as per their knowledge they
perform various actions in the real world.

But how machines do all these things comes under knowledge
representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe Knowledge
representation as following:

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is the part of Artificial
intelligence which concerned with AI agents thinking and how thinking
contributes to intelligent behavior of agents.

It is responsible for representing information about the real world so that a
computer can understand and can utilize this knowledge to solve the
complex real world problems such as diagnosis a medical condition or
communicating with humans in natural language.

It is also a way which describes how we can represent knowledge in
artificial intelligence. Knowledge representation is not just storing data into
some database, but it also enables an intelligent machine to learn from that
knowledge and experiences so that it can behave intelligently like a human.
 
What to Represent:

Following are the kind of knowledge which needs to be represented in AI systems:


Object: All the facts about objects in our world domain. E.g., Guitars contains strings,
trumpets are brass instruments.

Events: Events are the actions which occur in our world.

Performance: It describe behavior which involves knowledge about how to do things.

Meta-knowledge: It is knowledge about what we know.

Facts: Facts are the truths about the real world and what we represent.

Knowledge-Base: The central component of the knowledge-based agents is the knowledge
base. It is represented as KB. The Knowledgebase is a group of the Sentences (Here,
sentences are used as a technical term and not identical with the English language).


Knowledge: Knowledge is awareness or familiarity gained by experiences of facts, data, and
situations. Following are the types of knowledge in artificial intelligence:
 Techniques of knowledge
representation

There are mainly four ways of knowledge
representation which are given as follows:


Logical Representation

Semantic Network Representation

Frame Representation

Production Rules
Techniques of knowledge
representation
 Techniques of knowledge
representation
1. Logical Representation

Logical representation is a language with some concrete rules which deals with propositions
and has no ambiguity in representation.

Logical representation means drawing a conclusion based on various conditions. This
representation lays down some important communication rules.

It consists of precisely defined syntax and semantics which supports the sound inference. Each
sentence can be translated into logics using syntax and semantics.

Syntax:

Syntaxes are the rules which decide how we can construct legal sentences in the logic.

It determines which symbol we can use in knowledge representation.

How to write those symbols.


Semantics:

Semantics are the rules by which we can interpret the sentence in the logic.

Semantic also involves assigning a meaning to each sentence.


Logical representation can be catagorised into mainly two logics:

Propositional Logics

Predicate logics
 Techniques of knowledge
representation

Advantages of logical representation:

Logical representation enables us to do logical reasoning.

Logical representation is the basis for the programming languages.


Disadvantages of logical Representation:

Logical representations have some restrictions and are challenging to work with.

Logical representation technique may not be very natural, and inference may not
be so efficient.
 Techniques of knowledge
representation

2. Semantic Network Representation

Semantic networks are alternative of predicate logic for knowledge representation.

In Semantic networks, we can represent our knowledge in the form of graphical
networks.

This network consists of nodes representing objects and arcs which describe the
relationship between those objects.

Semantic networks can categorize the object in different forms and can also link
those objects.

Semantic networks are easy to understand and can be easily extended.

This representation consist of mainly two types of relations:

IS-A relation (Inheritance)

Kind-of-relation

Example: Following are some statements which we need to represent in the form of
nodes and arcs.

Statements:


Jerry is a cat.

Jerry is a mammal

Jerry is owned by Priya.

Jerry is white colored.

All Mammals are animal .


In the above diagram, we have represented the different type of knowledge in the form
of nodes and arcs. Each object is connected with another object by some relation.
 Techniques of knowledge
representation

Drawbacks in Semantic representation:

Semantic networks take more computational time at runtime as we need to traverse the
complete network tree to answer some questions. It might be possible in the worst case
scenario that after traversing the entire tree, we find that the solution does not exist in this
network.

Semantic networks try to model human-like memory (Which has 1015 neurons and links) to
store the information, but in practice, it is not possible to build such a vast semantic network.

These types of representations are inadequate as they do not have any equivalent quantifier,
e.g., for all, for some, none, etc.

Semantic networks do not have any standard definition for the link names.

These networks are not intelligent and depend on the creator of the system.

Advantages of Semantic network:

Semantic networks are a natural representation of knowledge.

Semantic networks convey meaning in a transparent manner.

These networks are simple and easily understandable.

3. Frame Representation


A frame is a record like structure which consists of a collection of attributes and its values
to describe an entity in the world. Frames are the AI data structure which divides
knowledge into substructures by representing stereotypes situations. It consists of a
collection of slots and slot values. These slots may be of any type and sizes. Slots have
names and values which are called facets.


Facets: The various aspects of a slot is known as Facets. Facets are features of frames
which enable us to put constraints on the frames. Example: IF-NEEDED facts are called
when data of any particular slot is needed. A frame may consist of any number of slots,
and a slot may include any number of facets and facets may have any number of values.
A frame is also known as slot-filter knowledge representation in artificial intelligence.


Frames are derived from semantic networks and later evolved into our modern-day
classes and objects. A single frame is not much useful. Frames system consist of a
collection of frames which are connected. In the frame, knowledge about an object or
event can be stored together in the knowledge base. The frame is a type of technology
which is widely used in various applications including Natural language processing and
machine visions.

Example: 1


Let's take an example of a frame for a book

Slots Filters

Title Artificial Intelligence

Genre Computer Science

Author Peter Norvig

Edition Third Edition

Year 1996

Page 1152
 Example 2:

Let's suppose we are taking an entity, Peter. Peter is
an engineer as a profession, and his age is 25, he
lives in city London, and the country is England. So
following is the frame representation for this:

Slots Filter

Name Peter

Profession engineer

Age 25

City London

Country England
Advantages of frame representation

The frame knowledge representation makes the programming
easier by grouping the related data.

The frame representation is comparably flexible and used by many
applications in AI.

It is very easy to add slots for new attribute and relations.

It is easy to include default data and to search for missing values.

Frame representation is easy to understand and visualize.


Disadvantages of frame representation:


In frame system inference mechanism is not be easily processed.

Inference mechanism cannot be smoothly proceeded by frame
representation.

Frame representation has a much generalized approach.
 Production Rules

Production rules system consist of (condition, action) pairs which mean, "If
condition then action". It has mainly three parts:

The set of production rules

Working Memory

The recognize-act-cycle

In production rules agent checks for the condition and if the condition
exists then production rule fires and corresponding action is carried out.
The condition part of the rule determines which rule may be applied to a
problem. And the action part carries out the associated problem-solving
steps. This complete process is called a recognize-act cycle.

The working memory contains the description of the current state of
problems-solving and rule can write knowledge to the working memory.
This knowledge match and may fire other rules.

If there is a new situation (state) generates, then multiple production rules
will be fired together, this is called conflict set. In this situation, the agent
needs to select a rule from these sets, and it is called a conflict resolution.
 Example:

IF (at bus stop AND bus arrives) THEN action (get into the bus)

IF (on the bus AND paid AND empty seat) THEN action (sit down).

IF (on bus AND unpaid) THEN action (pay charges).

IF (bus arrives at destination) THEN action (get down from the bus).

Advantages of Production rule:

The production rules are expressed in natural language.

The production rules are highly modular, so we can easily remove, add or
modify an individual rule.

Disadvantages of Production rule:

Production rule system does not exhibit any learning capabilities, as it
does not store the result of the problem for the future uses.

During the execution of the program, many rules may be active hence
rule-based production systems are inefficient.