Introduction to

Highway Engineering

Prepared By:

Mr. K.R.THANKI
(BE Civil)
LECTURER CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC , 1
PORBANDAR,GUJARAT-INDIA.
 CONTENTS:

INTRODUCTION

Road geometry, Transition curve and Road Gradient, types of Pavement

and Soil Stabilization.
1.Road alignment, Factors affecting the alignment, their types and its
Importance.

Materials used in road Construction.

1.Various tests on Aggregate and bitumen.

1.Construction of Flexible and Rigid Pavement.

Types of Failures in roads. Maintenance of roads and its components. 2

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Road Geometry:

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Kerb and Traffic Separator

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Sight Distance :

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Sight Distance :

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Sight Distance :

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Sight Distance :

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Example 1 :
Calculate the safe Stopping Sight Distance on a level road stretch for
design speed of 50 kmph for
a) Two-way traffic on a two-lane road
b) Two- way traffic on a single lane road.
Assume coefficient of friction as 0.37 and reaction time of driver as 2.5
second.
Solution :
Given data: V = 50 kmph = 50/3.6 = 13.9 m/second
t = 2.5 second
f = 0.37 | g = 9.8
a) Stopping distance , on level road = v * t + / 2*g*f

=13.9 X 2.5 + (13.9)2 / 2 X 9.8 X 0.37)

= 34.8 + 26.6
= 61.4 m
b) for single lane road SSD = 2 X SSD for double lane two-way traffic
= 2 X 61.4 36
= 122.8 m
Example 2 :
Calculate the minimum sight distance required to avoid head on collision
of two cars approaching from the opposite directions at 90 kmph and 60
kmph. Assume a reaction time of 2.5 seconds, coefficient of friction of 0.7
and a break efficiency of 50%, in a both cases.
Solution :
Given data: Reaction time t = 2.5 seconds
Effective friction coefficient, f with 50% break efficiency during stopping =
0.5 X 0.7 = 0.35
Speed of Car 1 : , v1 = 90kmph = 90/3.6 = 25m/seconds
Speed of Car 2 : , v2 = 60kmph = 60/3.6 = 16.67m/seconds

Stopping distance of Car 1 = v1 * t + / 2*g*f

=25 X 2.5 + (25)2 / 2 X 9.8 X 0.35)
= 153.6 m
Stopping distance of Car 2 = v2 * t + / 2*g*f

=16.67 X 2.5 + (16.67)2 / 2 X 9.8 X 0.35) 37

= 82.2 m
Example 3 :
Calculate the stopping sight distance on a highway at a descending
gradient of 2% for a design speed of 80 kmph. Assume other data as per
IRC recommendations.
Solution :
Given data: Reaction time t = 2.5 seconds
Design coefficient of friction f =0.35
v = 80kmph = 80/3.6 = 22.2m/seconds
n = - 2% , g = 9.8 m/s2
SSD on road with gradient is =

= 22.2 X 2.5 + (22.2)2/ [2 X 9.8 (0.35 – 0.02)]

= 55.5 + 76.2
= 131.7 ~132 m

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Example 4 :
The speeds of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 70kmph and 40
kmph, respectively on a two way traffic road. The average acceleration
during overtaking may be assumed as 0.99 m / s2
a) calculate safe overtaking sight distance
b) what is the minimum length of overtaking zone ?
c) Draw a neat sketch of the overtaking zone and show the positions of
the sign posts.
Solution :
Given data: Speed of overtaking vehicle, V = 70/3.6 = 19.4m/s
Speed of overtaken vehicle, Vb = 40/3.6 = 11.1 m/s
Average acceleration during overtaking , a = 0.99 m/s2
d) Overtaking sight distance for two way traffic, {from Slide 45}
OSD = (d1 + d2+ d3) =
Reaction time for overtaking , t = 2 seconds ,
d1 = vb X t = 11.1 X 2 = 22.2m
d2 = vb X T + 2s ; now s = min. spacing of vehicles =
= (0.7 X 11.1 + 6) 49
= 13.8 m
Example 4 : (Conti..)
The speeds of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 70kmph and 40 kmph, respectively on a two way
traffic road. The average acceleration during overtaking may be assumed as 0.99 m / s 2
a) calculate safe overtaking sight distance
b) what is the minimum length of overtaking zone ?
c) Draw a neat sketch of the overtaking zone and show the positions of the sign posts.

Solution :
T = overtaking time =
= √4 X 13.8 / 0.99
= 7.47 second
so, d2 = 11.1 X 7.47 + 2X 13.8 = 110.5 m
d3 = v X T = 19.4 X 7.47 = 144.9 m

OSD = d1 + d2+ d3 = 22.2 + 110.5 + 144.9 = 277.6 m ~ 278 m

b) Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 (OSD) = 3 * 278 = 834 m

c) Desirable length of the overtaking zone = 5 * OSD = 5 * 278 = 1390 m

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Example 4 : (Conti..)
The speeds of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 70kmph and 40 kmph, respectively on a two way
traffic road. The average acceleration during overtaking may be assumed as 0.99 m / s 2
a) calculate safe overtaking sight distance
b) what is the minimum length of overtaking zone ?
c) Draw a neat sketch of the overtaking zone and show the positions of the sign posts.

Solution :

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Design Speed on Highways

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Overturning effect due to Centrifugal force

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Superelevated pavement section

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Analysis of
Superelevation

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Example 5 :
The radius of a horizontal circular curve is 100 m. The design speed is
50kmph and the design coefficient of lateral friction is 0.15.
a) Calculate the super elevation required if full lateral friction is assumed
to develop.
b) Calculate the coefficient of friction needed if no super elevation is
provided.
Solution :
Given data: Speed vehicle, V = 50kmph
R = 100 m f = 0.15
a) Super elevation :
e + 0.15 = (50)2 / (127 * 100) = 0.917
e = 0.917 – 0.15 = 0.047
b) If no super elevation is provided , e =0 and friction factor developed,
f = V2 /(127* R)
f = (502) / (127 * 100)
f= 0.19
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Example 6 :
A two lane road with design speed 80kmph has horizontal curve of radius
480 m. Design the rate of super elevation for mixed traffic. By how much
should the outer edges of the pavement be raised with respect to the
inner edge, if the width of the pavement at the horizontal curve is 7.5 m.
Solution :
Given data: Speed vehicle, V = 80kmph
R = 480 m pavement width B = 7.5 m
For mixed traffic conditions the super elevation should fully counteract the
centrifugal force for 75% of design speed.
So,
e = V2 / (225 * R)
= (80)2 / (225 * 480)
= 0.059
Since this value is less than 0.07, the super elevation of 0.059 may be
adopted.
The total width of pavement B = 7.5 m
Raising of outer edge with respect to the inner edge of pavement E = B * e
So, E = 7.5 * 0.059 = 0.44 m 70
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Road Alignment :

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Road Alignment :

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Requirements of an Ideal Alignment :

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Horizontal Alignment :

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Horizontal Transition Curves :

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Horizontal Transition Curves :

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Off – tracking and mechanical widening 80

on horizontal curve
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Psychological widening is the extra width of a pavement
provided for psychological reasons, such as to allow for overhangs or
provide more clearance for crossing.

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Transition curve in Horizontal alignment 86

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Types of Summit curves 95

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Types of Valley curves 96

 Road geometry:
https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/geometric-design-of-highway-79804785/79804785

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