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Circular Motion

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Nimish ray
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2 views

Circular Motion

Uploaded by

Nimish ray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circular

motion and
gravitation
Circular motion

What is the
difference
between
circular
and rotatory
motion?

2
Circular motion

1. Motion of satellite
around the earth
2. Revolution of earth
3. Hands of a clock
4. A stone tied to a
string and rotated
5. Athlete running in a
circular path

3
Speed

Speed is given by the


formula v = d/t

2π r
V=T
Where,
T is time in seconds

4
Angular Speed
Angular speed can be defined
as the angle through
which an object rotates in a
given period of time.

Δɵ
ω =
Δt
Where,
Δθ in radians and time Δt in
seconds

5
Cont.…Angular Speed
For a complete revolution,
Δ θ = 2π and Δt = T, so we
also have:

2π
ω =T

ω=f
where f is rotating frequency

6
Relation between the linear speed v and the
angular speed ω .

v=rω

7
Problem

▧ The radius of the Earth’s orbit is about 1.5 ×


1011 m. Calculate:
a. the angular speed of the Earth as it rotates
around the Sun
Answer: 1.99 × 10−7 ≈ 2.0 × 10−7 rad s−1

b. the linear speed of the Earth.


Answer: 3.0 × 104 m s−1

8
Centripetal acceleration
a = vω

a = v2/r

a = ω2r

a = 4π2r/T2

a = 4π2r f2

9
problems

▧ A particle moves along a circle of radius


2.0 m with constant angular speed 2.1
rad s−1. Determine the centripetal
acceleration of the particle.
Answer: a ≈ 8.8 m s−2

10
problems

▧ The radius of the Earth is r = 6.4 × 106


m. Determine the centripetal
acceleration due to the spinning Earth
experienced by someone on the equator.
Answer: 3.4 × 10−2 m s−2

Note: This a << g

11
problems

▧ A mass moves in a circle with constant


speed in a counter-clockwise direction, as
in figure. Determine the direction of the
velocity change when the mass moves
from A to B.

12
Centripetal forces

F = mv2/r

F = mω2r

13
Cont.…Centripetal forces
▧ Identify the force
that provides

Centripetal
Force.
Answer: Friction

Note: A car will skid


outwards (i.e. will
cover a circle of larger
radius) if the friction force
is not large enough.

14
Cont.…Centripetal forces

friction
What if
isless than the
required
Centripetal
Force?

15
problems

1. The coefficient of static friction between the tyres


of a car of mass 1100 kg and dry asphalt is about
0.80. Determine the maximum speed with which a
car can take a circular turn of radius 95 m.
Answer: 27 m s−1

2. In wet conditions the coefficient of friction is


reduced to half its value in dry conditions. Predict
the safe maximum speed now.
Answer: 19 m s−1

16
problems

▧ A particle is tied to a string and moves


with constant speed in a horizontal circle.
The string is tied to the ceiling.
a. Draw the forces on the particle.
b. Determine the centripetal force.

17
problems

▧ A mass m is tied to a string and made to


move in a vertical circle of radius r with
constant speed v.
a Determine the tension in the string at the
lowest and highest points of the circle.
b Calculate the minimum speed so that the
string never goes slack.

18
▧ Determine the work done by the
centripetal force.

19
Note
centrifugal forces do
notexist

20
Task

centripetal
▧ Find out the

acceleration due to Sun on


:
a. Mercury
b. Pluto

21
Newton’s law of gravitation
▧ Hence, Newton’s Law of gravitation is
given by the equation.

22
Gravitational field strength

▧ It is the gravitational force per unit mass


experienced by an object.

g=GM/r 2

23
Problems

1. The distance between two bodies is


doubled. Predict what will happen to the
gravitational force between them.
Answer: reduces by a factor of 4.

2. Determine the acceleration of free fall


(the gravitational fi eld strength) on a
planet 10 times as massive as the Earth
and with a radius 20 times as large.
Answer: 0.25 m s−2

24
3. Calculate the acceleration of free fall at a
height of 300 km from the surface of the
Earth (the Earth’s radius, rE, is 6.38 × 106 m
and its mass is 6.0 × 1024 kg).
Answer: 9 m s−2

25
Orbital motion

26
Problems

▧ A satellite orbits the Earth above the


equator with a period equal to 24 hours.
Mass of the Earth- 5.97×1024 kg
Radius of the Earth- 6.38×106m
Gravitation Constant-6.67×10−11m3kg−1s−2

a Determine the height of the satellite


above the Earth’s surface.
b Suggest an advantage of such a satellite.

27

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