Nutrients

Digestive
System
 Nutrients
Food gives us the
Nutrients that we
need to stay healthy.
Nutrients are substamces
in food that the bodu
uses:
To provide energy
To provide materials for
making the chemicals that
are needed to make cells
and other parts of the
body.
 Macronutrients
Nutrients your body needs in larger
amounts. Carbohydrates, protein,
and fat. Provide your body energy or
calories.

Micronutrients
Nutrients your body needs in smaller
amounts, which are commonly
referred to as Vitamins and Minerals.
Carbohydrates Your body breaks
carbohydrates down into
glucose, which cells require
Main function: Provide energy
to create energy

Starch and sugar are two

kind of carbohydrate.

Examples of carbohydrate sources

Rice Corn potatoes

 Types of
carbohydr
Simple carbohydrates ates
This kind of carb in nutrition provides immediate energy. There are
various kinds of sugar present in this, like Glucose, fructose, lactose,
and galactose. These carbs are soluble in water. Sources: Fruits, low-
fat milk, table sugar, honey, jam, vegetables like potatoes, candy,
etc.

Complex Carbohydrates
Complex carb is starch which contains various types of sugar
molecules to form glycogen. This glycogen releases slow energy as
compared with simple carbs. They are not soluble in water. Sources:
Bread, cereals, vegetables, whole legumes (pulses).
Protein helps to keep your body
healthy, especially tissues like
muscles, skin, bones, and hair.

Protein
Used for making new cells. Is
also used for making many
important chemical in the body,
such as enzymes and Main function: Build and
antibodies. repair your muscles
Examples
Cells of Protein
can use proteinsources
to supply
energy.

chicken eggs soya bean

 Is the basic structure of all living cells. They are
complex organic compounds which form chains of
amino acids which contain Carbon, Hydrogen and
Nitrogen. It is also called bodybuilding food.
A correct quantity of proteins is needed every day
for growth and development. It helps to repair
worn-out tissues. It is the main component of
muscles, organs, and fluids like enzymes,
hormones and blood.
 Types of
1. Essential protein
There are 9 essential amino acids which we have to take from
external
Proteins
food sources because they are not produced in our body. Sources of
essential proteins are pulses, milk, dairy products, soybeans, egg,
meat, etc. They are required for the growth of tissues

2. Non essential proteins

There are more than 13 non-essential proteins, the body requires
them in less quantity. It helps in the synthesis of essential protein.
Sources of non-essential proteins are grain, dry fruits, vegetables.
 Your body uses fats for energy
Fats when carbohydrates aren’t
available.
Main function: Fat contains Carbon, Hydrogen
Provide backup
energy and Oxygen. It is one of the
important sources of nutrition.
Examples of fats sources

Red meat Chicken skin Butter

Fats are energy yielding food which stores
inside our body and are used as an
emergency source of energy. It converts
into fatty acid. Fat acts as a source of
energy during long-duration work. Fats are
important for the proper functioning of
glands and other important organs. It also
keeps us warm.
 Types of
1. Saturated fatty acid
Fatty Acid
They contain chains of Carbon atoms. Intake of
saturated fat increases the chances of heart disease
due to an increase in high cholesterol in the blood. It
provides high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Sources: Animal fat, full cream milk, cream, butter,

coconut oil, palm oil, ghee and all fast foods.
 2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid
It provides low-density lipoprotein(LDL) which is good for our body. It
helps in lowering blood cholesterol. It is further divided into two
categories :
üPolyunsaturated Fatty acid (PUFAs), sources for Omega-3 PUFA
foods
•Fish oil from fatty fish like herring, trout, sardines, salmon, and
mackerel
•Seafood like scallops and mussels
•Nuts like walnuts
•Seeds like flax, chia, and sunflower seeds, Tofu
•Plant-based oils like canola and olive oil
•Eggs
üMonounsaturated Fatty acid (MUFAs) Food sources:
•Olive, peanut, and canola oils
•Avocados
Vitamins and Minerals
Main function: Maintain optimal health

Vitamins and minerals come from a variety of foods,

including fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and
lean protein sources.
Examples of vitamins and minerals sources

Fruits Vegetables whole-grain foods

 Vitamins are complex compounds of
Carbon, are essential for the normal
functioning of our body. Absence of any
kind of vitamin causes certain deficiency
disease. Vitamins are divided into two
groups.
1.Fat Soluble Vitamin These are Vitamins A,
D, E and K
2.Water-Soluble Vitamin These Vitamins
are vitamin B and C
Fat Soluble
Vitamins
Water Soluble
Vitamins
 Mineral
Are required for healthy
teeth, bones and muscles.
It helps
Macro Minerals
Micro Minerals
 Important Concepts
Nutrients: are chemicalas compounds in foods which
are most essential for our live and health. It provides
us with energy to work, it is the building blocks for
repair and growth.

Balanced Diet: diet which contain all nutrients (macro

and micro) in correct portion for efficient working of the
body. Is the intake of the appropiate and adequate
amount of food, to supply energy and support growth
and development of an individual.
Nutritive Components of Diet: are essential for
overall health and well-being. Eating a variety of
foods in appropriate portions can help ensure
you’re getting the nutrients your body needs to
thrive.

Carbohydrates: main source of energy for the

body. Found in foods like grains, fruits,
vegetables, and legumes.
Simple carbs (sugars) and complex carbs
(starches) provide different energy levels.
Proteins: essential for growth, tissue repair, and
immune function. Found in meat, fish, poultry,
beans, nuts, and dairy products.
Composed of amino acids, some of which the
body can’t produce on its own.

Fats: also a source of energy and vital for

absorbing certain vitamins.
Unsaturated fats (healthy fats) found in nuts, seeds,
and oils are good for heart health. Saturated fats
(unhealthy fats) are present in animal products and
Vitamins: Play crucial roles in various bodily
functions. Examples include vitamin C (found in
citrus fruits) and vitamin D (from sunlight and
some foods).
Minerals: Important for bone health, nerve
function, and enzyme activity. Examples include
calcium (dairy), iron (red meat), and potassium
(bananas).
Fiber: A type of carbohydrate that aids in
digestion and maintains bowel health. Found in
whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
Antioxidants: Help protect the body from free
radicals and oxidative stress. Found in colorful
fruits and vegetables like berries, spinach, and
carrots.

Phytonutrients: Natural compounds found in plants

that promote health. Include flavonoids,
carotenoids, and polyphenols.
Water
Our body consist of 70℅ of water in total body
weight. An n adult needs 2 – 3 litres of water daily
for a normal life. Water in the blood helps in the
transportation of nutrients to various cells of the
body.
Importance of water
• Excretion of waste products.
• Regulates body temperature
• Transportation of nutrients
• Maintains body fluids
Functions of a Balance Diet, it…

• provides sufficient energy It helps

in optimum growth and
development
• improves the proper functioning of
organs
• helps to recover fast; the immune
system becomes strong
• improves health status, also
improves metabolism
• prevents a deficiency disease
• helps in maintaining body weight,
Factors affecting diet
• Age
• Gender
• Workout or Profession
• Bodyweight
• Specific sports diet
• Sufficient roughage
• Pregnant or feeding mother
• Diet during a health problem
• Seasonal food
• Climatic conditions
• Natural diet
• Doctor’s recommendation
• Eating habits and social customs
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MOUTH
Turns food into small pieces
with the help of the teeth
and saliva.
ESOPHAGU
S
Carries food from the
mouth to the stomach.
 Liver
Produces bile, breaks down
fat, and removes toxins STOMAC
H
Churns and
Gallbladder
Stores the bile Pancreas mixes food
the liver produces Produces enzymes that with gastric
help break down food
juice
 SMALL
INTESTINES
Digests and absorbs proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates

LARGE
INTESTINES
Absorbs salt and water
from food, leaving a soft
mass called stool
 RECTUM
Acts as the stool's

ANUS temporary storage

Where stool exits

the body
Digestion is important for breaking down food into
nutrients*, which the body uses for energy, growth,
reproduction and repair.

Food and drink must be changed into smaller

molecules of nutrients before the blood absorbs
them and carries them to cells throughout the
body.

*Include vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats and

carbohydrates
Enzymes
Digestive Enzymes
Digestive System
Takes in food, breaks it down, and absorbs nutrients into your
body. Nutrients are substances that your body uses for energy,
growth, reproduction and repair. Nutrients include vitamins,
minerals, proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

Types of Digestion
1.Mechanical Digestion
When your body physically breaks down food, such as when you
chew food in your mouth. Our stomach also breaks down food
mechanically when it squeezes and churns
2. Chemical digestion
When your body breaks down foods using chemical reactions.
Digestive Tract
Mouth: Digestion begins in your mouth, where
chewing (mechanical digestion) stimulates
Salivary Glands to release saliva (chemical
digestion), which breaks down food into a soft
ball. The ball gets pushed down to your…
Esophagus: this is where it gets pushed down by
a squeezing action, or muscle contraction called
Peristalsis into the…
Stomach: giant muscle, it squeezes and stirs the
food, helping to break it down (mechanical
digestion). The stomach also releases enzymes
and chemicals that break the food down
Small Intestine: the first part is called the Duodenum, and it
contains digestive juices released from the pancreas (releases
digestive juices that chemically break down carbs, fats and
proteins) and liver, called bile (breaks up fats).
In the Duodenum is where most of the digestion in your body
takes place. Nutrients are also absorbed into the bloodstream
in the small intestine. Next stop for the chyme is the…

Large Intestine: this is where most of the water is absorbed into

your body. As the water in the chyme gets absorbed,
undigested parts harden into waste. The end of the large
intestine has a part called the rectum, which leads to the anus
– the last part of the digestive tract. Together, they control