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Intro

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10 views

Intro

Uploaded by

Efrata Frew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH-2.

GAS -VAPOR MIXTURES

Part -2

1
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
and
PSYCHROMETRIC PROPERTIES

The study of systems involving dry air and


water vapor is known as psychrometrics.
Graphical representations of several
important properties of moist air (atm. air)
are provided by psychrometric charts.

2
Common properties used in the
Psychrometric chart includes
dry-bulb temperature Tdb
wet-bulb temperature Twb
relative humidity (ø, RH)
humidity ratio, ω
specific volume, v
dew point temperature Tdp
enthalpy, h

3
The chart which is most commonly used is the
ω-t chart, i.e. a chart which has specific
humidity or water vapor pressure along the
ordinate and the dry bulb temperature along
the abscissa.
The chart is normally constructed for a
standard atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg
or 101.325 Kpa, corresponding to the pressure
at the mean sea level.
4
5
CONSTANT PROPERTY LINES ON A
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

6
HUMAN COMFORT AND AIR-CONDITIONING

The comfort of the human body depends


primarily on three factors:
 the (dry-bulb) temperature [22 - 27°C (72-
80°F)],
 relative humidity(40 to 60 percent), and
 air motion (about 15 m/min).
7
AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES

Maintaining a living space or an industrial facility


at the desired temperature and humidity requires
some processes called air-conditioning processes.
These processes include;
 simple heating (raising the temperature),
 simple cooling (lowering the temperature),
 humidifying (adding moisture), and
 dehumidifying (removing moisture).
 Sometimes two or more of these processes are
needed to bring the air to a desired temperature
and humidity level.
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9
 Most air-conditioning processes can be
modeled as steady-flow processes, and thus
the mass balance relation can be expressed
for dry air and water as

10
 And disregarding the kinetic and potential
energy changes, the steady-flow energy
balance relation can be expressed in this
case as

11
Simple Heating and Cooling
(ω = constant)

• Heating
 No moisture is added to or removed from the air (the specific humidity
of the air remains constant)
 The dry-bulb temperature increases.

 The relative humidity of air decreases during a heating process because


the moisture capacity increases with temperature.
• Heating can be accomplished by passing the air over some heating coils.

12
Cooling

 No moisture is added to or removed from the air (the


specific humidity of the air remains constant)
 The dry-bulb temperature decreases.

 The relative humidity increases.

• Cooling can be accomplished by passing the air over some


coils through which a refrigerant or chilled water flows.

13
where h and h are enthalpies per unit mass of dry
1 2

air at the inlet and the exit of the heating or cooling


section, respectively.
14
Heating with Humidification

 Problems associated with the low relative


humidity resulting from simple heating can be
eliminated by humidifying the heated air.
 This is accomplished by passing the air first
through a heating section (process 1-2) and then
through a humidifying section (process 2-3),

15
 If steam is introduced in the humidification section, this will
result in humidification with additional heating (T3 > T2).
 If humidification is accomplished by spraying water into the
airstream, part of the latent heat of vaporization comes from the
air, which results in the cooling of the heated airstream (T3 <
T2). Air should be heated to a higher temperature in the heating
section in this case to make up for the cooling effect during the
humidification process.

16
Cooling with Dehumidification

The specific humidity of air remains constant


during a simple cooling process, but its relative
humidity increases.
If the relative humidity reaches undesirably high
levels, it may be necessary to remove some
moisture from the air, that is, to dehumidify it.

17
If the cooling section is sufficiently long, air reaches its dew
point (state x, saturated air). Further cooling of air results in
the condensation of part of the moisture in the air. Air remains
saturated during the entire condensation process, which follows
a line of 100 percent relative humidity until the final state (state
2) is reached.

18
Evaporative Cooling
 Cooling in hot, relatively dry climates can be
accomplished by evaporative cooling.
 This process is based on a simple principle: As water
evaporates, the latent heat of vaporization is
absorbed from the water body and the surrounding
air. As a result, both the water and the air are cooled
during the process.

19
Adiabatic Mixing of Airstreams

 Many air-conditioning applications require


the mixing of two airstreams.
 This is particularly true for large buildings,
most production and process plants, and
hospitals.
 The heat transfer with the surroundings is
usually small, and thus the mixing processes
can be assumed to be adiabatic.

20
The mass and energy balances for the adiabatic
mixing of two airstreams reduce to

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when two airstreams at two different states (states 1 and 2)
are mixed adiabatically, the state of the mixture (state 3)
lies on the straight line connecting states 1 and 2 on the
psychrometric chart, and the ratio of the distances 2-3 and
3-1 is equal to the ratio of mass flow rates ma1 and ma2.

22
COOLING TOWERS

 Power plants, large air-conditioning systems, and some


industries generate large quantities of waste heat that is often
rejected to cooling water from nearby lakes or rivers.
 In some cases, however, the cooling water supply is limited or
thermal pollution is a serious concern.
 In such cases, the waste heat must be rejected to the
atmosphere, with cooling water recirculating and serving as a
transport medium for heat transfer between the source and the
sink (the atmosphere). One way of achieving this is through
the use of wet cooling towers.

23
An induced-draft counter-flow cooling tower A natural-draft cooling tower.

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