PHY204: Introduction to Mathematical Physics II

Spring 2024

Syed Mohammad Kamil

Email: [email protected]

Office: A017B

Department of Physics,
School of Natural Sciences, Department of Physics,
Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR
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Example : The function

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 Real and Imaginary Parts of Analytic Functions
Are Harmonic Functions

Assume an analytic function : f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y 

2u  x, y  2v  x, y  0

The functions u and v are harmonic (i.e., they satisfy Laplace’s equation)

u u  z  u  x, y 
Notation:
v v  z  v  x, y 

This result is extensively used

in conformal mapping to solve
electrostatics and other problems
involving the 2D Laplace equation
(discussed later).
Pierre-Simon Laplace
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Real and Imaginary Parts of Analytic Functions
Are Harmonic Functions (cont.)

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Real and Imaginary Parts of Analytic Functions
Are Harmonic Functions (cont.)

Example: w  f z  z 2

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 
w u  iv  x  iy   x 2  y 2  i 2 xy 

u  x, y  x 2  y 2

v  x, y  2 xy

2 2u 2u 22 v 2 v

 u  2  2 2  2 0  v  2  2 0  0 0
x y x y

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 Real and Imaginary Parts of Analytic Functions
Are Harmonic Functions (cont.)

Example: w  f  z  sin  z 

w u  iv sin  x  iy  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y

u  x, y  sin x cosh y

v  x, y  cos x sinh y

2 2u 2u
 u  2  2  sin x cosh y  sin x cosh y 0
x y

2 2 v 2 v
 v  2  2  cos x sinh y  cos x sinh y 0
x y
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 Defining Line Integrals in the Complex Plane
y

 N b z N
C zN  1
n

•Consider thesums
3 zn …
 2 z2 z3
…
 1 z1
a  z0
x
Let the number of subdivisions 𝑁 → ∞
such that Δ 𝑧 𝑛= ( 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 𝑛 −1 ) → 0
b
Δ 𝑧𝑛
I  f  z  dz f  z  dz 𝑁

C a lim 𝐼 𝑁 = lim ∑ 𝑓 ( 𝜁 𝑛) ⏞
( 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 𝑛 −1
𝑁→∞ 𝑁→∞ 𝑛=1
𝑏
𝐼 ≡∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 =¿ lim 𝐼 𝑁
𝑎 𝑁→∞

esult is independent of the details of the path subdivision , for reasonably well behaved funct
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 Equivalence Between Complex and
Real Line Integrals
Denote

I C u dx  v dy  i C v dx  u dy
The complex line integral is equivalent to two real line integrals on C.
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 y
Example : parameterizations of the 𝑥˚ 2 + 𝑦 2= 𝑎2
t f t N
C tN  1
 x(t ), y(t )  tn …
t … t
The path C goes
t2 3
counterclockwise
t1
around the circle.
t0
x
t
t0 t1 t2 t3 …tn … tN  1 t f tN 𝑥=𝑎 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 =𝑎 sin 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡(¿ 𝜃)≤ 2 𝜋

-a a
𝑥=𝑡 , 𝑦 =√ 𝑎 2 − 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 0 =𝑎, 𝑡 𝑓 =−𝑎 ,

-a a

𝑥=𝑡 , 𝑦 =− √ 𝑎2 −𝑡 2 , 𝑡 0 =− 𝑎, 𝑡 𝑓 =𝑎,
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 A line integral writtenas ∫ 𝑢 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 −𝑣 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝐶

𝑡𝑓

is really a shorthand for ∫

𝑡0
( 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
−𝑣
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 )
where𝑡issome parameterizationof 𝐶:
y

t f t N
C tN  1
 x(t ), y (t )  tn …
t2
t3 …
t1
t0
x
t
t0 t1 t2 t3 … tn … t N  1 t f t N
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 1
𝐼|=∫ 𝑑𝑧 :where 𝐶 :𝑥=𝑎cos 𝜃 , 𝑦=𝑎sin𝜃 ,0≤𝜃≤ 𝜋
𝐶
𝑧
1 1
𝑓 ( 𝑧)= =
𝑧 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦

¿
1
𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 ( 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 )
¿ 2(𝑥
𝑥 +𝑦 2
+𝑖
−𝑦
𝑥 2+ 𝑦 2 ) ( )
¿
( 𝑥
𝑎
2 ) +𝑖
( − 𝑦
𝑎
2 )

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 ∮𝑧
𝐶
𝑛
|
𝑑𝑧 : where
𝐶 : 𝑥=𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 =𝑟 sin 𝜃 ,0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2 𝜋
𝑖𝜃
⇒ 𝑧=𝑟 cos𝜃 +𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃=𝑟 𝑒 2𝜋
𝑖𝜃 𝑛
⇒ ∮ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ( 𝑟 𝑒 ) 𝑟𝑖
𝑛

𝐶 0

|
2𝜋 𝑖 𝜃( 𝑛+1 ) 2 𝜋
𝑒
¿𝑖𝑟
𝑛+1
∫𝑒 𝑖 𝜃( 𝑛+1 )
𝑑 𝜃=𝑖 𝑟
𝑛+1

𝑖 ( 𝑛+1 )
(𝑛 ≠− 1)
0 0
2𝜋 2𝜋
¿𝑖𝑟
𝑛+1
∫𝑒 𝑖 𝜃( 𝑛+1 )
𝑑 𝜃=𝑖 ∫ 𝑑 𝜃=2 𝜋 𝑖(𝑛=− 1)
0 0

⇒ ∮ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =
𝐶
𝑛 0 ,𝑛 ≠ − 1
2 𝜋 𝑖 , 𝑛=− 1 { 14
 Cauchy’s Theorem

If 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) is analytic∈ℛ then∮ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧=0

𝐶

R  a simply - connected region

A “simply-connected” region
C means that there are no “holes” in
the region. (Any closed path can
be shrunk down to zero size.)
x

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 Proof of Cauchy’s Theorem
R  a simply connected region
y

First,note thatif 𝑓 ( 𝑧 )=𝑤=𝑢+𝑖𝑣,then

x

then use Stokes ′ s theorem

´ ) ⋅ 𝑧^´ 𝑑𝑆+∫ ( ∇× 𝐵´ ) ⋅ 𝑧^´ 𝑑𝑆
¿ ∫ ( ∇× 𝐴
𝑆 𝑆 16
Stokes’ Theorem :

S C
 ´ ) ⋅ 𝑧^´ 𝑑𝑆+∫ ( ∇× 𝐵´ ) ⋅ 𝑧^´ 𝑑𝑆
¿ ∫ ( ∇× 𝐴
𝑆 𝑆

| |
^´
𝑥 ^
´
𝑦 𝑧^´
¿ C . R.
^
´ ⋅(∇× 𝐴
𝑧 ´⋅ 𝜕
^
´ )= 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕
=−
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
−
¿cond ′ s
= 0,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑦
𝑢 −𝑣 0

| |
^
´
𝑥 ^
´
𝑦 ^
´
𝑧 ¿ C . R.
^
´ ⋅(∇× 𝐵
𝑧 ^´ ⋅ 𝜕
´ )= 𝑧 𝜕 𝜕
=
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
−
¿cond ′ s
= 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑦
𝑣 𝑢 0

⇒ ∮ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 =0
𝐶
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 Cauchy’s Theorem and Path Independence

Consider
𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) is analytic ⇒ ∮ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 =0
𝐶

Thisimpliesthatthelineintegralbetweenanytwo pointsisindependentof the path,

R  a simply - connected region R  a simply - connected region
y y

C2
C
C1

x x

∮ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧=∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 −∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 =0 ∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧=¿∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑧 ¿
𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝐶2

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