STATISTICS

Mathematics in the
Modern World
Philip James G. Rocha
STATISTICS
Statistics is a collection of methods for
planning experiments, obtaining data,
analyzing data and finally interpreting the
results thereof thereby enabling the
generation of conclusion based on the
data given.
STATISTICS
There are two Branches of Statistics
 Descriptive Statistics  A Branch of
Statistics that involves the collection,
organization, summarization, and
presentation of data.

 Inferential Statistics  A Branch of

Statistics that interprets and draws the
conclusions from the data gathered.
DEFINITION of
TERMS
Data
• The measurements obtained in a
research study are called the data.
• The goal of statistics is to help
researchers organize and interpret the
data.
Types of Variables
• Variables can be classified into two 
discrete variable and continuous
variable.
• Discrete variables (such as class size)
consist of indivisible categories, and
continuous variables (such as time or
weight) are infinitely divisible into
smaller units.
• Example: time can be measured to the
nearest minute, second, half-second, etc.
Population
• The entire group of individuals is called
the population.

• For example, population of first year

students in LOA.

• Another example: population of voters in

Muntinlupa City
Sample
• A sample is used to represent the
population when it is impossible to
obtain data from the entire population.
Example voting population of the
Philippines.

• The goal of using a sample is

to use the results obtained
from the sample to help
answer questions about the
 MEASURE of CENTRAL
TENDENCY
• The purpose of getting the measure of
central tendency is to get a single value
that will try to explain a set of data by
recognizing the central position in that
set of data. It is sometimes called the
measure of central location.
MEASURE of CENTRAL
TENDENCY
• There are three most
common measures of central
tendency in statistics these
are mean, median and mode.

• Although these three are

adequate in some
circumstances other
measures of central
tendencies become more
MEAN
• A MEAN is simple defined as the average
of the given numbers. This is also used
get the central value of the given data
set.

• To calculate the mean one has to

understand the dataset  is it grouped or
ungrouped.
MEAN
FOR UNGROUPED DATASET
• To calculate the mean of ungrouped
dataset:
Formula for Mean =
where:∑x = sum of the data
n = number of data
MEAN
Example 1: Get the mean of the dataset:

SOLUTION: (∑𝑥)/𝑛
4, 3, 8, 6, 9

∑x = 4 + 3 + 8 + 6 + 9 = 30
n = 5.
Therefore the mean = 30 / 5 = 6
MEAN
Example 2: Get the mean of the dataset:

SOLUTION: (∑𝑥)/𝑛
12, 24, 26, 35, 19, 22

∑x = 12 + 24 + 26 + 35 + 19 + 22 = 138
n = 6.
Therefore the mean = 138 / 6 = 23
MEAN
Example 3: Get the mean of the dataset:

SOLUTION: (∑𝑥)/𝑛
112, 224, 126, 235, 219, 122, 121

∑x = 112 + 224 + 126 + 235 + 219 + 122 + 121 = 1159

n=7
Therefore the mean = 1159 / 7 = 165.5714
= 165.5714 ≈ 165.57 (rounded to 2 dec. pos.)
FOR OUR CLASS ALL CALCULATION RESULTS THAT HAS
DECIMALS IN THEM WILL BE ROUNDED TO 2 DECIMAL
POSITIONS ONLY. RULES OF ROUNDING OFF APPLIES.
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
In order to determine the frequency
distribution, we need to organize the raw data
and in a table form to which a table of the
observed events.
Formula for group Mean =
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Example 1: Have a look the example below
and consider the following table, which lists
the number of laptop computers owned by
families in each of 40 homes in a subdivision.
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
The following steps are the following to
determine the mean.
Step -1; identify the lowest number and the
highest number
• Lowest number – 0
• Highest number – 7
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Step -2; make a table with the number from 0
# of laptop Household
to 7. Make a Tally of computers, w/ x*f
the household x laptops, f
0 5
computers. How many 1 12
households has no 2
3
14
3
computers, how many 4 2
has 1 computer - etc. 5
6
3
0
7 1
∑ f = 40 ∑ (x * f) =
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Step -3: Complete the#table. Multiply
of laptop Household
x by f.
Then get the totals. computers, w/ x*f
x laptops, f
0 5 0
1 12 12
2 14 28
3 3 9
4 2 8
5 3 15
6 0 0
7 1 7
∑ f = 40 ∑ (x * f) = 79
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Step -4: Using the totals,# ofcalculate the
laptop Household
mean.
Use the formula: computers, w/ x*f
x laptops, f
Mean = = 0 5 0
1 12 12
= 1.975 ≈ 1.98 2 14 28
Interpretation: This means 3 3 9
4 2 8
that there is an average of 5 3 15
1.98 or 2 computers per 6 0 0
household 7 1 7
∑ f = 40 ∑ (x * f) = 79
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Example 2: In a class the following quiz scores
were obtained:
25 21 22 24 22 20 27 20
20 23 23 26 21 25 28 25
18 19 20 27 20 26 28 19
20 27 25 28 25 25 21 22
29 30 26 28 19 20 23 23
MEAN
Step 1. From the datasetknow the lowest
score and the highest score  lowest = 18,
highest = 30
MEAN
Step 2: make a table with the number from 18 to 30.
Make a Tally of scores. How many Scores, x
Frequency,
f
x*f
students got 18, how many got 19, 18 1
how many got 20 – etc. 19 3
20 7
21 3
22 3
23 4
24 1
25 6
26 3
27 3
28 4
29 1
30 1
∑f= ∑ (x * f) =
MEAN
Step 3. Complete the table. Multiply
Frequency,
x by f.
Then get the totals. Scores, x
f
x*f

18 1 18
19 3 57
20 7 140
21 3 63
22 3 66
23 4 92
24 1 24
25 6 150
26 3 78
27 3 81
28 4 112
29 1 29
30 1 30
∑ f = 40 ∑ (x * f) = 940
MEAN
Step -4: Using the totals, calculate the mean.
Use the formula:
Mean =
=
= 23.5
Interpretation:
The average score of the
class is 23.5
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Example 3: A survey was conducted in 45
household to find the number of bedrooms
the households have. The
Frequency
following tally were
obtained. # of (f) of
Bedrooms, households x*f
x with x
bedrooms
2 5
3 25
4 10
5 5
∑f= ∑ (x * f) =
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Step 3. Since steps 1 and 2 were already
provided by the problem let us proceed to the
next step. Complete the table. Multiply x by f.
Frequency
# of (f) of
Bedrooms, households x*f
x with x
bedrooms
2 5 10
3 25 75
4 10 40
5 5 25
∑ f = 45 ∑ (x * f) = 150
MEAN
MEAN for GROUPED DATASET
Step 4. Using the totals, calculate the
mean. Use the formula:
Frequency
# of (f) of
Bedrooms, households x*f
Mean = = x with x
bedrooms

= 3.333 ≈ 3.33 2
3
5
25
10
75
4 10 40
Interpretation: This means 5 5 25

that there is an average of 3.33 or 3

∑ f = 45 ∑ (x * f) = 150

bedrooms per household.

MEDIAN
• A MEDIAN is defined as the middle value
of a sorted list of numbers. The middle
number is found by ordering the
numbers. The numbers are ordered in
the ascending order.
• To find the median, start by listing the
numbers in increasing order: Then find
the middle number. In this case, there
are two "middle numbers," and , so the
next step is to average them.
MEDIAN
Example 1: Get the Median of the given
the raw dataset  27, 32, 24, 29, 19
SOLUTION:
Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order.
19, 24, 27, 29, 32
Step 2: Since there are 5 values, divide 5
by 2. Therefore, 5/2 = 2.5, meaning the
third number is the median.
ANSWER:27
MEDIAN
Example 2: Get the Median of the raw
dataset  227, 132, 324, 229, 119, 333, 123
SOLUTION:
Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order.
119, 123, 132, 227, 229, 324, 333
Step 2: Since there are 7 values, divide7 by 2.
Therefore, 7/2 = 3.5, meaning the fourth
number is the median.
ANSWER:227
MEDIAN
Example 3: Get the median of  227, 132,
324, 229, 119, 333, 123, 266
SOLUTION:
Step 1: Arrange data in ascending order.
119, 123, 132, 227, 229, 266, 324, 333
Step 2: Since there are 8 values, divide8 by 2,
8/2 = 4, meaning the 4th and 5th number is the
median. Get the average (227 + 229)/2
ANSWER:228
MEDIAN
Median For GROUPED Dataset.
• Step 1. Get the total frequency
• Step 2. Divide the frequency by 2
• Step 3. Determine the median.
MEDIAN
EXAMPLE 1:Median For GROUPED Dataset.
• Step 1. Get the total frequency Scores, x Frequency, f
• Total frequency = 40 18 1
19 3
• Step 2. Divide the frequency by 2 20 7
• 40 / 2 = 20 21
22
3
3
• Step 3. Determine the median. 23
24
4
1
• The score that has frequency 20 is 25 6

the MEDIAN. In this sample problem 26

27
3
3
the MEDIAN is 23. 28 4
29 1
30 1
∑ f = 40
MEDIAN
EXAMPLE 2:Median For GROUPED Dataset.
# of laptop Household
• Step 1. Get the total frequency computers, w/ laptops,
• Total frequency = 40 x f
• Step 2. Divide the frequency by 2 0 5
• 40 / 2 = 20 1 12
2 14
• Step 3. Determine the median. 3 3
• The score that has frequency 20 is 4 2
the MEDIAN. In this sample problem 5 3
the MEDIAN is 2. 6 0
7 1
∑ f = 40
MEDIAN
EXAMPLE 3:Median For GROUPED Dataset.
• Step 1. Get the total frequency Frequency
# of (f) of
• Total frequency = 45
Bedrooms, households
• Step 2. Divide the frequency by 2 x with x
• 45 / 2 = 22.5 ≈ 23 bedrooms
• Step 3. Determine the median. 2 5
• The score that has frequency 23 is 3 25
the MEDIAN. In this sample problem 4 10
the MEDIAN is 3. 5 5
∑ f = 45
MODE
• A MODE is defined as the value that
appears the most number of
times in a given dataset.
• A dataset may be considered as
UNIMODAL, BIMODAL, TRIMODAL or
MULTIMODAL.
• UNIMODAL – there is only one number
that is repeated.
• BIMODAL -
MODE
• UNIMODAL – when in a dataset there is only one
number that is repeated.
• BIMODAL - when in a dataset there are two
numbers that are repeated and their frequencies
are the same.
• TRIMODAL - when in a dataset there are three
numbers that are repeated and their frequencies
are the same.
• MULTIMODAL - when in a dataset there are four or
more numbers that are repeated and their
frequencies are the same.
MODE
• UNIMODAL – when in a dataset there is only one
number that is repeated.
• EXAMPLES:
• A. 1, 5, 3, 7, 9, 4, 3, 6, 8  mode is 3
• B. 35, 29, 45, 35, 29, 50, 27, 29  mode is 29
• C. 0, 4, 6, 0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 1, 0, 3, 7, 0  mode is 0
MODE
• BIMODAL - when in a dataset there are two
numbers that are repeated and their frequencies
are the same.
• EXAMPLES:
• A. 1, 5, 3, 7, 9, 4, 3, 6, 8, 1, 3, 1  mode is 1 & 3
• B. 35, 29, 45, 33, 29, 50, 27, 35  mode is 29 & 35
• C. 0, 4, 3, 0, 2, 3, 9, 1, 0, 3, 7, 0, 3  mode is 0 & 3
MODE
• TRIMODAL - when in a dataset there are three
numbers that are repeated and their frequencies
are the same.
• EXAMPLES
• A. 1, 5, 3, 7, 9, 5, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, 1, 3, 1
 mode is 1 & 3 & 5
• B. 35, 29, 45, 33, 29, 50, 27, 35, 50
 mode is 29 & 35 & 50
• C. 0, 7, 4, 3, 0, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1, 0, 3, 7, 0, 3, 7
 mode is 0 & 3 & 7
MODE
• MULTIMODAL - when in a dataset there are four or
more numbers that are repeated and their
frequencies are the same.
• EXAMPLES
• A. 9, 1, 5, 3, 7, 9, 5, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, 1, 3, 1, 9, 8, 6
 mode is 1, 3, 5 and 9
• B. 35, 27, 29, 45, 33, 29, 50, 27, 35, 50,
 mode is 27, 29, 35 & 50
• C. 9, 0, 7, 4, 9, 3, 0, 2, 7, 3, 9, 1, 0, 3, 7, 0, 3, 7, 9
 mode is 0, 3, 7 and 9
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
4 5 3 Data, x Freq, f x * f
Mean = 104/24
1 2 2
3 3 4 = 4.33
2 2 4
Median= 4
4 5 3 3 5 15
Mode = 3,4
2 1 6 4 5 20
5 4 20
3 9 8 6 2 12

5 4 7 7 2 14
8 1 8
4 5 2
9 1 9
6 7 1 24 104
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
1 2 2 4 1 3 2 3 2 3 5 1
2 3 3 2 3 5 1 5 1 5 7 5
3 4 4 1 5 7 5 8 5 8 2 7
4 1 5 5 8 2 7 6 7 6 5 1
5 4 6 7 6 5 1 5 3 2 3 5
X f x*f
1 9 9 Mean = 239 / 60
= 3.98
2 9 18
3 9 27 Median = 4
4 5 20 Mode = 5
5 15 75
6 4 24
7 6 42
8 3 24
60 239
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
1 2 2 4 1 3 2 3 5 7 5 8
2 3 3 2 3 5 1 5 8 2 7 6
3 4 4 1 5 7 5 8 6 5 1 5
4 1 5 5 8 2 7 6 2 3 3 2
5 4 6 7 6 5 1 5 3 4 4 1
X f x*f
1 Mean =
Median =
2 Mode =
3
4
5
6
7
8