Software implementation of

digital modulation techniques

By:
A.ABDUL FAIMEED
 Digital modulation
• In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is
modulated by a digital bit stream.
• There are two major categories of digital modulation.
• 1 Uses a constant amplitude carrier
• 2 Carries the information in phase or frequency
variations (FSK, PSK).
 Why use Digital

• The move to digital modulation provides

more information capacity, compatibility with
digital data services, higher data security,
better quality communications, and quicker
system availability. Developers of
communications systems face these
constraints:
• available bandwidth
• permissible power
• inherent noise level of the system
 Fundamental digital modulation
methods:
• In the case of PSK, a finite number of
phases are used.
• In the case of FSK, a finite number of
frequencies are used.
.

• In the case of ASK, a finite number of

amplitudes are used.
• In the case of QAM, a finite number of at
least two phases, and at least two
amplitudes are used.
 Amplitude-shift keying:

• Amplitude-shift keying
(ASK) is a form of
modulation that
represents digital data as
variations in the
amplitude of a carrier
wave.The amplitude of an
analog carrier signal
varies in accordance with
the bit stream
(modulating signal),
keeping frequency and
phase constant.
 On-off keying Technique

• On-off keying (OOK) is a type of modulation that

represents digital data as the presence or absence
of a carrier wave. In its simplest form, the presence
of a carrier for a specific duration represents a
binary one, while its absence for the same duration
represents a binary zero.
• On-off keying is most commonly used to transmit
Morse code over radio frequencies. OOK has been
used in the ISM bands to transfer data between
computers.
 Frequency-shift keying:
• Frequency-shift
keying (FSK) is a
frequency modulation
scheme in which
digital information is
transmitted through
discrete frequency
changes of a carrier
wave.
Minimum frequency-shift keying
• minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particularly
spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK
the difference between the higher and lower
frequency is identical to half the bit rate. As a
result, the waveforms used to represent a 0 and
a 1 bit differ by exactly half a carrier period.
• This is the smallest FSK modulation index .A
variant of MSK called GMSK is used in the GSM
mobile phone standard.FSK is commonly used
in Caller ID and remote metering.
 Phase-shift keying
• Phase-shift keying (PSK)
is a digital modulation
scheme that conveys
data by changing, or
modulating, the phase of
a reference signal (the
carrier wave).
• Any digital modulation
scheme uses a finite
number of distinct signals
to represent digital data.
PSK uses a finite number
of phases, each assigned
a unique pattern of binary
bits.
 Quadrature phase-shift keying
(QPSK)
• QPSK uses four points on the
constellation diagram, equispaced
around a circle. With four phases,
QPSK can encode two bits per
symbol, shown in the diagram
with Gray coding to minimize the
BER — twice the rate of BPSK.
• Analysis shows that this may be
used either to double the data rate
compared to a BPSK system
while maintaining the bandwidth of
the signal or to maintain the data-
rate of BPSK but halve the
bandwidth needed.
 Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation – QAM
• QAM is the encoding of
information into a carrier wave
by variation of the amplitude of
both the carrier wave and a
'quadrature' carrier that is 90°
out of phase with the main
carrier in accordance with two
input signals.
• Alternately, this can be
regarded (using complex
number notation) as simple
amplitude modulation of a
complex-valued carrier wave
by a single complex-valued
signal.
 Non-rectangular QAM
• It is the nature of QAM that most orders
of constellations can be constructed in
many different ways and it is neither
possible nor instructive to cover them all
here. This article instead presents two,
lower-order constellations.

• The 16-QAM constellation is suboptimal

although the optimal one may be
constructed along the same lines as the
8-QAM constellation. The circular
constellation highlights the relationship
between QAM and PSK. Other orders of
constellation may be constructed along
similar (or very different) lines.
 ALGORITHM FOR THE CODE THAT WE
HAVE IMPLEMENTED :
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK):
• Read the value of digital data in the form of 0 &
1 only
• Read the information of carrier signal i.e
amplitude,frequency and phase
• Read the information about ASK on –off keying
technique i.e amplitude for 0 bit & 1 bit and
about noisy environment(Y/N)
• Plot digital signal and carrier signal
• Plot ASK signal
• Obtain noisy ASK signal
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK):
• Read the value of 8 bit binary( digital data) in the
form of 0 & 1 only
• Read the information of carrier signal i.e
amplitude,frequency and phase
• Read the information about FSK technique i.e
frequency for amplitude 0 & frequency for
amplitude 1.
• Plot digital signal and carrier signal
• Plot FSK signal
PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK):
• Read the value of 8 bit binary( digital data) in the
form of 0 & 1 only.
• Read the information of carrier signal i.e
amplitude,frequency and phase.
• Read the information about PSK technique i.e
phase for amplitude 0 & phase for amplitude 1.
• Plot digital signal and carrier signal.
• Plot PSK signal.
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
(QAM):
• Read the value of 24 bit binary(digital data) in
the form of 0 & 1 only.
• Read the information of carrier signal i.e
amplitude,frequency and phase.
• Read the QAM information i.e. two amplitude
values and four phase values.
• Generate 8-QAM data table as shown below.
• Plot digital signal and carrier signal.
• Plot QAM signal.
SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
• The most popular digital modulation techniques
employed in wireless systems are GMSK,MSK and
OFDM. MSK and GMSK are particular cases of
continuous phase modulation (CPM). Indeed,MSK is a
particular case of the sub-family of CPM known as
continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) which
is defined by a rectangular frequency pulse (i.e. a
linearly increasing phase pulse) of one symbol-time
duration (total response signaling).
• OFDM is based on the idea of Frequency Division
Multiplex (FDM), but is utilized as a digital modulation
scheme. The bit stream is split into several parallel data
streams, each transferred over its own sub-carrier using
some conventional digital modulation scheme. The
modulated sub-carriers are summed to form an OFDM
signal.
 CONCLUSION
• A variety of modulation tecniques are employed in
wireless communication systems. wireless modulation
schemes must have compact power density spectrum
while at the same time time providing good bit error rate
in the presence of channel impairments such as
cochannel interference and fading.The most popular
digital modulation techniques employed in wireless
systems are GMSK,MSK and OFDM.
• Short range unlicensed radio links with typical ranges of
1 to 100 metres, are becoming more and more
popular.With the number of short range devices(SRD)
increasing daily,the potential for interference has
increased.To share the same spectrum radio receivers
must ignore co-channel interfering signals that are
weaker than desired signal.
 REFERENCES
• Books:
• 1) Simon Haykin, Communuication Systems ,3rd
edition , Mcgraw hill
• 2) John Proakis, Digital communication Systems ,
Prentice-Hall inc.
• Website resources
• 1) Google-A global search engine, www.google.com
• 2) Sciencedirect-website for ebooks,
www.sciencedirect.com
• 3) SpringerLink-world's leading interactive databases,
www.springerlink.com
• 4) Wikipedia-The free encyclopedia that
anyone can edit, www.wikipedia.org
 THANK YOU

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